Young female elephants take charge

The Land Cruiser bumped and rattled over the lush, tawny savanna dotted with acacia trees. George Wittemyer, the scientific director of the conservation group Save the Elephants, steered the car toward movement in a thicket. Around a bend stood several families totaling about 50 elephants in a loose cluster. They munched leaves from trees, thrashing and breaking branches spiked with long thorns, or stood basking in the sun, swaying their trunks and fanning their giant ears. Babies that nestled against older elephants looked as pliable as putty, cuddly as oversize toys, even though newborns weigh about 200 pounds.

The youngsters and adolescents were led by young females — daughters that prematurely stepped into the roles of matriarchs after ivory poachers killed their mothers. A mother elephant typically becomes head of the family at about age 35. The younger set here ranged from 15 to 28. The oldest, Desert Rose, began leading her young cousins after their matriarch, Maua, was killed in April 2014 by a poacher’s automatic rifle. George, an associate professor in conservation biology at Colorado State University, USA has been studying the elephants at the Samburu Reserve, Kenya since 1997. He knows them by name, as if they are old friends. He pointed out Habiba, Cinnamon and Pilipili, distinguished by ear markings.

The elephants are named after spices, flowers, artists, poets, Swahili names and more. Poaching has wiped out scores of pachyderms and their matriarchs, prompting researchers to study elephants more closely to monitor the orphans and the complex social ties within the family networks. From 2010 to 2012 alone, approximately one-fifth of Africa’s elephant population was slaughtered by poachers, according to Save the Elephants.

Identifying social behaviour
Researchers worry that the loss of elders, especially the matriarchs that were targeted by poachers for their large tusks, would severely impair the ability of younger ones to survive and thrive. The matriarchs carry a vast amount of knowledge about their surroundings, including safe migratory routes, the availability of water in arid landscapes, threats from predators and other vital information. “Habiba and all her brothers, sisters and cousins — they’re just in a little group. Their mothers were all dead,” George said. “These kids stuck together, but they didn’t have any adult supervision, so to speak. We were really scared about what was going to happen.”

But researchers have watched as the social networks of Samburu’s elephants help them regroup, with young daughters assuming bigger roles in caretaking. Even females as young as 15 “tended to emulate the social contact pattern of their mothers,” George said. “If their mothers are highly social and their mother dies, the kids tend to be highly social. And if the mothers are not, the kids tend not to be.” Less social mothers have produced less social children with smaller networks, a phenomenon that researchers are still studying.

Those findings, published in the journal Current Biology this year, offer some hope during a bleak time for elephants. The current poaching epidemic started in 2009, but so slowly that researchers in Samburu did not realise its severity. “In 2010, we started getting very concerned; 2011 was a disaster,” George said. Social networks are just one area of research for Save the Elephants, in addition to how elephants are migrating and whether orphans show negative physical effects after their mothers are killed. And though these conservation biologists study animals, their work starkly reflects the effects humans have on the elephants’ environment.

To understand how social networks have been affected, researchers analysed 16 years of data about Samburu’s elephants and found surprising resilience. For example, the researchers recorded positive interactions between elephants like wrapping trunks, smelling one another’s mouths and rubbing one another. The researchers also noted negative behaviours, like how often elephants pushed orphans away versus non-orphans. Daughters not only emulated their mothers’ social behaviour, younger elephants even rebuilt networks through distant social connections to families whose most mature adults had been killed.

Some new matriarchs took to caring for the young immediately, but the reactions among orphans are still being studied. “The story of the Samburu orphans is one of the most poignant examples of the importance of collaboration and friendship I have seen in a nonhuman system,” George said. “Here are wonderful examples of these orphans moving on with their lives and rebuilding their highly and critically important social world.”In 2014, Kenya toughened penalties for poaching and wildlife trafficking. Save the Elephants is studying the migration of elephants by using GPS radio collars and satellite-generated maps. In the past year, conservationists have put collars on 40 Samburu elephants to expand research on their movements. “We’re trying to get at an elephant’s mind — why it uses space across the ecosystem the way it does,” George said. “This is fundamental for land use planning: what kinds of areas we need to conserve outright, what types we need to facilitate movement through, and what kinds of areas are not essential to elephants.”

Across Africa, human populations are growing and pressures on land are increasing. “Some conflict arises when elephants are trying to move to another area and they’re forced to go through places where people live,” Frank Pope of Save the Elephants said. “If we can define and protect wildlife corridors, we have a hope of preventing this type of conflicts.”