<div align="justify">It was one of the very first motion pictures ever made: a galloping mare filmed in 1878 by British photographer Eadweard Muybridge, who was trying to learn whether horses in motion ever become truly airborne. More than a century later, that clip has rejoined the cutting edge. It is now the first movie ever to be encoded in the DNA of a living cell, where it can be retrieved at will and multiplied indefinitely as the host divides and grows.<br /><br />The advance, reported recently in the journal Nature by researchers at Harvard Medical School, USA, is the latest and perhaps most astonishing example of the genome’s potential as a vast storage device. Scientists already have managed to translate all of Shakespeare’s sonnets into DNA. George Church, a geneticist at Harvard and one of the authors of the new study, recently encoded his own book, <br />Regenesis, into bacterial DNA and made 90 billion copies of it. “A record for publication,” he said in an interview.<br /><br />Recording the bacteria<br /><br />With the new research, he and other scientists have begun to wonder if it may be possible one day to do something even stranger: to programme bacteria to snuggle up to cells in the human body and to record what they are doing, in essence making a ‘movie’ of each cell’s life.<br /><br />When something goes wrong, when a person gets ill, doctors might extract the bacteria and play back the record. It would be, said George, analogous to the black boxes carried by airplanes whose data is used in the event of a crash. At the moment, all that is “the other side of science fiction,” said Ewan Birney, director of the European Bioinformatics Institute and a member of the group that put Shakespeare’s sonnets in DNA. “Storing information in DNA is this side of science fiction.”<br /><br />George and Seth Shipman, a geneticist, and their colleagues began by assigning each pixel in the black-and-white film a DNA code based on its shade of grey. The vast chains of DNA in each cell are made of just four molecules — adenine, guanine, thymine and cytosine — arranged in enormously varied configurations. The geneticists ended up with a sequence of DNA molecules that represented the entirety of the film. Then they used a powerful new gene editing technique, Crispr, to slip this sequence into the genome of a common gut bacteria, E coli. Despite the modification, the bacteria thrived and multiplied. The film stored in the genome was preserved intact with each new generation of progeny, the team found.<br /><br />Andrew Odlyzko, a mathematics professor and expert on digital technology at the University of Minnesota, USA who was not involved in the new research, called it “fascinating.” Imagine, he said, “the impossibility of controlling secrets, when those secrets are encoded in the genomes of the bacteria in our guts or on our skins.”<br /><br />The renowned physicist Richard Feynman proposed half a century ago that DNA could be used for storage in this way. That was long before the molecular biology revolution, and decades before anyone could sequence DNA — much less edit it. “Biology is not simply writing information; it is doing something about it,” Richard said in a 1959 lecture. “Consider the possibility that we too can make a thing very small which does what we want!”<br /><br />Richard’s idea “was a seminal piece — it gave us a direction,” said Leonard Adleman, a mathematician at the University of Southern California and co-inventor of one of the most used public cryptography systems, RSA. In 1994, Richard reported that he had stored data in DNA and used it as a computer to solve a math problem. He determined that DNA can store a million times more data than a compact disc in the same space.<br /><br />And data storage is a growing problem. Not only are significant amounts being generated, but the technology used to store it keeps becoming obsolete, like floppy disks. DNA is never going out of fashion. “Organisms have been storing information in DNA for billions of years, and it is still readable,” Richard said.<br /><br />Futuristic technologies<br /><br />For Seth and George, the immediate challenge is the brain. It contains 86 billion neurons, and there’s no easy way to know what they’re doing. “Right now, we can measure one neuron at a time with electrodes, but 86 billion electrodes would not fit in your brain,” George said. But gene-edited bacteria would “fit very nicely.” The idea is to have bacteria engineered as recording devices drift up to the brain in the blood and take notes for a while. Scientists would then extract the bacteria and examine their DNA to see what they had observed in the brain neurons. George and his colleagues have already shown in past research that bacteria can record DNA in cells, if the DNA is properly tagged.<br /><br />And while these are futuristic ideas, biotechnologies have been arriving much faster than anyone predicted, George said. He gave as an example the sequencing of the human genome. The first effort took years and cost $3 billion. The wildest optimists predicted that maybe in six decades each sequencing would cost $1,000. “It turned out it was six years, rather than six decades,” George said.<br /><br />The New York Times</div>
<div align="justify">It was one of the very first motion pictures ever made: a galloping mare filmed in 1878 by British photographer Eadweard Muybridge, who was trying to learn whether horses in motion ever become truly airborne. More than a century later, that clip has rejoined the cutting edge. It is now the first movie ever to be encoded in the DNA of a living cell, where it can be retrieved at will and multiplied indefinitely as the host divides and grows.<br /><br />The advance, reported recently in the journal Nature by researchers at Harvard Medical School, USA, is the latest and perhaps most astonishing example of the genome’s potential as a vast storage device. Scientists already have managed to translate all of Shakespeare’s sonnets into DNA. George Church, a geneticist at Harvard and one of the authors of the new study, recently encoded his own book, <br />Regenesis, into bacterial DNA and made 90 billion copies of it. “A record for publication,” he said in an interview.<br /><br />Recording the bacteria<br /><br />With the new research, he and other scientists have begun to wonder if it may be possible one day to do something even stranger: to programme bacteria to snuggle up to cells in the human body and to record what they are doing, in essence making a ‘movie’ of each cell’s life.<br /><br />When something goes wrong, when a person gets ill, doctors might extract the bacteria and play back the record. It would be, said George, analogous to the black boxes carried by airplanes whose data is used in the event of a crash. At the moment, all that is “the other side of science fiction,” said Ewan Birney, director of the European Bioinformatics Institute and a member of the group that put Shakespeare’s sonnets in DNA. “Storing information in DNA is this side of science fiction.”<br /><br />George and Seth Shipman, a geneticist, and their colleagues began by assigning each pixel in the black-and-white film a DNA code based on its shade of grey. The vast chains of DNA in each cell are made of just four molecules — adenine, guanine, thymine and cytosine — arranged in enormously varied configurations. The geneticists ended up with a sequence of DNA molecules that represented the entirety of the film. Then they used a powerful new gene editing technique, Crispr, to slip this sequence into the genome of a common gut bacteria, E coli. Despite the modification, the bacteria thrived and multiplied. The film stored in the genome was preserved intact with each new generation of progeny, the team found.<br /><br />Andrew Odlyzko, a mathematics professor and expert on digital technology at the University of Minnesota, USA who was not involved in the new research, called it “fascinating.” Imagine, he said, “the impossibility of controlling secrets, when those secrets are encoded in the genomes of the bacteria in our guts or on our skins.”<br /><br />The renowned physicist Richard Feynman proposed half a century ago that DNA could be used for storage in this way. That was long before the molecular biology revolution, and decades before anyone could sequence DNA — much less edit it. “Biology is not simply writing information; it is doing something about it,” Richard said in a 1959 lecture. “Consider the possibility that we too can make a thing very small which does what we want!”<br /><br />Richard’s idea “was a seminal piece — it gave us a direction,” said Leonard Adleman, a mathematician at the University of Southern California and co-inventor of one of the most used public cryptography systems, RSA. In 1994, Richard reported that he had stored data in DNA and used it as a computer to solve a math problem. He determined that DNA can store a million times more data than a compact disc in the same space.<br /><br />And data storage is a growing problem. Not only are significant amounts being generated, but the technology used to store it keeps becoming obsolete, like floppy disks. DNA is never going out of fashion. “Organisms have been storing information in DNA for billions of years, and it is still readable,” Richard said.<br /><br />Futuristic technologies<br /><br />For Seth and George, the immediate challenge is the brain. It contains 86 billion neurons, and there’s no easy way to know what they’re doing. “Right now, we can measure one neuron at a time with electrodes, but 86 billion electrodes would not fit in your brain,” George said. But gene-edited bacteria would “fit very nicely.” The idea is to have bacteria engineered as recording devices drift up to the brain in the blood and take notes for a while. Scientists would then extract the bacteria and examine their DNA to see what they had observed in the brain neurons. George and his colleagues have already shown in past research that bacteria can record DNA in cells, if the DNA is properly tagged.<br /><br />And while these are futuristic ideas, biotechnologies have been arriving much faster than anyone predicted, George said. He gave as an example the sequencing of the human genome. The first effort took years and cost $3 billion. The wildest optimists predicted that maybe in six decades each sequencing would cost $1,000. “It turned out it was six years, rather than six decades,” George said.<br /><br />The New York Times</div>
