US, India fail to recognise importance of undocumented immigrants

There is an inability to view undocumented workers as productive members of the host community, as remittance earners back home, and as people embedded in families and kinship networks

In January 2022, four members of a family, from Gujarat, froze to death at the United States-Canada border. The couple and their two children had paid a hefty amount to traffickers to be smuggled into the US for what they thought would be a better life. Instead, they perished in the cold.

Jagdish Patel, Vaishaliben, and their children Vihangi and Dharmik were lured by the promise of a prosperous life in the US, probably unaware of the perils on the way. They were perhaps unaware of the hostile terrain that America presents to the undocumented.

In the run-up to the US presidential elections, Donald Trump promised to deport such undocumented/unauthorised immigrants, people he terms “illegal”. The US has been “removing” “inadmissible or deportable” migrants since the 19th century, but the deportation rhetoric has never before been stronger.

In 2022, Pew Research Center estimated 725,000 unauthorised Indian immigrants living in the US. This number, along with the 18,000 identified by the Indian administration as living ‘illegally’ in the US, have often been referred to in news and discussions about the matter.

Various international organisations, including the United Nations High Commission for Refugees, the UN General Assembly, the International Labour Conference, the Associated Press, and other media have routinely pointed to the problems inherent in the term ‘illegal’, advocating instead for words such as ‘irregular’ and ‘undocumented’.

Bogey of ‘illegal’ immigrants

Indian government officials, the media, and Trump routinely use the word ‘illegal’. It is also famously the favourite bogey of different ruling dispositions in India, who regularly flag “illegal immigrants” as the reason behind everything — from the so-called demographic shift to crime. In currency since the 1980s, Indian politics has centred on ‘illegal Bangladeshis’ as an election issue, conducting pushback operations, and enacting new citizenship laws.

Paradoxically, the undocumented Indian in the US, in the eye of Trump’s anti-immigration storm, is likely to hit India hard.

The US is the second most popular global destination for Indians of all ilk, from those holding H1-B temporary visas for highly skilled workers (in fields such as software) to students and an ever-growing population of the undocumented living on minimum wage.

Indians professionals received 72.3 per cent of H1-B visas in the 2023 fiscal year, while the number of irregular Indian immigrants arriving at a border or an airport was 97,000. Both these figures indicate the continuing popularity of the US as a favoured destination for Indians, bolstered by requirements in Silicon Valley, and an ever-depreciating value of the rupee vis-a-vis the dollar.

The basic lacunae in both the Indian and the US governments’ responses has been the inability to view undocumented workers as productive members of the host community, as remittance earners back home, and as people embedded in families and kinship networks.

In the US, households led by undocumented persons paid $75.8 billion in taxes, indicating their contribution to the US economy. India received $111 billion in remittances from documented and undocumented Indians from the US in 2024. Irregular immigrants are more likely to send higher proportions of their earnings back home, which, in simpler terms, translates into India benefitting immensely from those who live undocumented in the US.

The promised mass deportations are also set to wreak havoc in communities, breaking apart thousands of mixed-status households and separating US citizen children from their undocumented parents.

Far-reaching consequences

While India has already agreed to work with the US government to get 18,000 people it recognises as Indians back, the effects of the Trump administration’s crackdown on immigration are set to be long and deep. Indian students admitted to US universities on partial or no funding have started to quit their off-campus part time jobs, held to support their education, and at times, also families back home.

While the F1 visa allows them to work on-campus jobs, inadequate funding forces many students to take up jobs in supermarkets, cafes, and bars. Fearing that this may become a cause for deportation, students are now quitting their jobs and trying to scramble together enough funds from other sources to continue with their courses.

Why the undocumented route

In the 2006 Booker Prize winning novel, The Inheritance of Loss, Biju, the son of a poor cook, works as an undocumented cook in the US. But the majority of Indians leaving the country for the undocumented route today are far better off than the fictional Biju.

Like the tragic circumstances of the Patel family, most of those aspiring for the American dream outside of regular channels are from Punjab, Haryana, and Gujarat. They pay exorbitant fees to agencies for an arduous and dangerous entry into the US. Often, the fees are generated by selling agricultural land in states where employment for educated youth is in short supply.

Rising unemployment, inflation, and the rise of intolerance in society propel Indians to travel to and live undocumented in the US, the UK, and Europe. These are complicated by other reasons such as the inability to communicate in English during visa interviews, the aggressive campaigns by agencies which promise smooth entry into desirable destinations, and the lure of a better life without awareness about the dangers en route.

In a briefing, Trump mentioned that Prime Minister Narendra Modi promised to do “what is right” in the matter of undocumented immigrants now in the US. Trump and Modi have been close allies for nearly a decade now, cheering each other on their respective re-election campaigns, and promising friendship and co-operation while in power. They have also been echoing each other in grandstanding against undocumented individuals.

Indians are regularly deported from different parts of the world for being undocumented. Recently, 200 Indians were sent back from Jamaica. Indians deplaned in France over alleged concerns of being undocumented were sent back in 2023, while in 2024 the US repatriated 1,500 Indian nationals.

Unlike previous occasions, however, this time the US’ promise to deport Indians is likely to bear severe consequences for India because the numbers of those likely to be deported are far higher, with considerable economic implications.

(Samata Biswas is assistant professor and coordinator, Department of English, The Sanskrit College and University, Kolkata.)

This article was first published under Creative Commons by 360info.

Disclaimer: The views expressed above are the author's own. They do not necessarily reflect the views of DH.