Mysterious centaurs may be comets: NASA

The mysterious celestial centaurs — small sub-planetary bodies found orbiting the Sun somewhere between Jupiter and Neptune — may actually be comets, a new NASA study suggests.

The true identity of centaurs is one of the enduring mysteries of astrophysics.
Observations from NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) find most centaurs are comets.

Until now, astronomers were not certain whether centaurs are asteroids flung out from the inner solar system or comets travelling in toward the Sun from afar.

"Our data point to a cometary origin for most of the objects, suggesting they are coming from deeper out in the solar system," said James Bauer of NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California.

"Cometary origin" means an object likely is made from the same material as a comet, may have been an active comet in the past, and may be active again in the future, researchers said.

The findings come from the largest infrared survey to date of centaurs and their more distant cousins, called scattered disk objects.

NEOWISE, the asteroid-hunting portion of the WISE mission, gathered infrared images of 52 centaurs and scattered disk objects.

Fifteen of the 52 are new discoveries. Centaurs and scattered disk objects orbit in an unstable belt. Ultimately, gravity from the giant planets will fling them either closer to the sun or farther away from their current locations.

Infrared data from NEOWISE provided information on the objects' albedos, or reflectivity, to help astronomers sort the population.

NEOWISE can tell whether a centaur has a matte and dark surface or a shiny one that reflects more light.

The puzzle pieces fell into place when astronomers combined the albedo information with what was already known about the colours of the objects.

Visible-light observations have shown centaurs generally to be either blue-gray or reddish in hue. A blue-gray object could be an asteroid or comet. NEOWISE showed that most of the blue-gray objects are dark, a telltale sign of comets. A reddish object is more likely to be an asteroid.

"Comets have a dark, soot-like coating on their icy surfaces, making them darker than most asteroids," said the study's co-author, Tommy Grav of the Planetary Science Institute in Tucson, Ariz.

"Comet surfaces tend to be more like charcoal, while asteroids are usually shinier like the moon," said Grav.

The results indicate that roughly two-thirds of the centaur population are comets, which come from the frigid outer reaches of our solar system.

It is not clear whether the rest are asteroids. The centaur bodies have not lost their mystique entirely, but future research from NEOWISE may reveal their secrets further.
The study was published in The Astrophysical Journal.