JOIN USThe US stock market was on the brink of the worst year since the global financial crisis with a year-end collapse that also raised doubts about prospects for 2019.
Ending in the red after Monday's final session of 2018, did not appear in the cards in the first weeks of the year, when Wall Street repeatedly shot to new records on the heels of a sweeping tax cut signed into law in December 2017 by President Donald Trump.
But it did not take long for a host of worries to shake that confidence, from unease over an unpredictable series of trade wars launched by Trump, to angst over rising interest rates, to nervousness over economists' warnings of slowing growth, or worse, a possible recession.
And the declines rapidly accelerated in the final weeks of the year, erasing all the gains since January.
Concluding the year with losses is "astonishing," Manulife senior portfolio manager Nate Thooft told AFP. "From an investor perspective, it probably shakes them a bit."
There was a spurt of renewed optimism on Monday, and the Dow Jones Industrial Average was up 0.5 percent at 23,173.07 around 1640 GMT.
The broad-based S&P 500 was up 0.1 percent to 2,488.95, undoing gains closer to the open, as did the tech-rich Nasdaq Composite Index also which could not even sustain a 0.1 percent rise, inching up to 6,587.29.
But prior to the year's closing session, the Dow already had declined 6.7 percent compared to 2017, while the Nasdaq and S&P 500 had lost, respectively, 4.6 percent and 7.0 percent.
That was after a year in which they indices jumped 25.1 percent, 28.2 percent and 19.4 percent -- before companies logged massive jumps in profits this year due in part to the tax cut.
At the start of 2018, investor sentiment ranged somewhere between optimism and euphoria as the Dow surged above 25,000 for the first time and then hit 26,000 less than two weeks later.
But after that frothy start, stocks experienced their first cracks in late January, just ahead of a leadership transition at the Federal Reserve as Jerome Powell took over as Fed chairman, after Trump declined to nominate Janet Yellen for a second term.
Wall Street suffered an especially profound wobble on Powell's first day, February 5, with the Dow plunging nearly 1,600 points at one stage before ending a grim session down more than four percent.
At the time, analysts cited worries the Fed would have to hike rates too aggressively.
But Trump's escalating trade wars and tariff threats soon took over as the main focus of investor concern. He announced the first salvo on March 1: tariffs on imported steel and aluminum. The following day on Twitter he proclaimed that "trade wars are good, and easy to win."
That has been followed by increasingly aggressive tariff moves against China.
Many key US economic indicators stayed robust even as business leaders recoiled at Trump's rising protectionism, with unemployment lingering at a 49-year low, corporate earnings notching their strongest growth in eight years, and business and consumer sentiment remaining well above historic trends.
In August, the S&P 500 celebrated the longest-ever "bull market," with 3,453 straight sessions -- more than nine years -- without a drop of 20 percent. In October, the Dow surged to an all-time high of 26,828.39.
But it's been a rough ride ever since.
Besides worries over the difficult US-China trade talks, much of current angst is focused on the Federal Reserve, which faces a tricky balancing act of boosting interest rates enough to contain inflation without choking off the economic expansion.
Market watchers are always nervous about Fed tightening cycles, especially as they reach their end, fearing they might overdo it, but Trump has dialed up the jitters with repeated attacks on Powell.
Economists warn that such criticism can easily backfire by compelling the US central bank to continue to raise interest rates to demonstrate its independence.
White House officials have denied Trump intends to fire Powell, but many market watchers say the possibility has further pressured stocks, especially given the president's penchant for setting policy by tweet without consulting his advisors.
A US government shutdown over Trump's desire to fund a wall along the border with Mexico will extend into 2019 also has dented sentiment, especially amid signs economic growth has peaked.
"To be clear, the challenges we see ahead don't look to us like the makings of another financial crisis," said a recent investor note by JPMorgan Private Bank said in a recent investor note.
"Our base case assumes slowing growth in the US economy throughout 2019 and a moderate recession in 2020."
Thooft of Manulife said the gloom of December feels "a bit overdone" given that most data is still strong.
But he warned that investors are unnerved, and the sense of waning optimism could soon show up in consumer and business sentiment indexes.
"You're going to need more than one (positive) outcome" to push stocks higher in 2019, he said. "It's probably bigger than just the trade issue."
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