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The Quran draws attention to a very important geological function of mountains: "And We have set on the earth mountains standing firm, lest it should shake with them….."(Quran, 21:31) The verse states that mountains perform the function of preventing shocks in the Earth. This fact was not known by anyone at the time the Quran was revealed. It was, in fact, brought to light only recently, as a result of the findings of modern geological research.
Formerly, it was thought that mountains were merely protrusions rising above the surface of the Earth. However, scientists realised that this was not actually the case, and that those parts known as the mountain root extended down as far as 10-15 times their own height. With these features, mountains play a similar role to a nail or peg firmly holding down a tent. For example, Mount Everest, the summit of which stands approximately 9 km above the surface of the Earth, has a root deeper than 125 km.In other verses, this role of the mountains is pointed out by a comparison with "pegs": "Have We not made the earth as a wide expanse, And the mountains as pegs?" (Quran, 78:6-7). Similarly, mountains extend to the surface layer joining lines on and below the surface, and nail these together. By fixing the Earth's crust they prevent any sliding over the magma layer or amongst the layers themselves. In short, mountains can be compared to nails holding strips of wood together. The fixing effect of mountains is known as isostasy in scientific literature.
Today, we know that the rocky external layer of the Earth's surface is riven by deep faults and split into plates swimming above the molten lava. Since the Earth revolves very quickly around its own axis, were it not for the fixing effect of the mountains, these plaques would shift. In such an event, soil would not collect on the Earth's surface, water would not accumulate in the soil, no plants could grow.
In short, life on Earth would be impossible. Through the mercy of Allah, mountains act like nails, and to a large extent, prevent movement in the Earth's surface.