Eight months pregnant, she had tried to trudge north in her fragile state, even carrying scissors with her in case she gave birth in the desert and had to cut the umbilical cord.
“All I want is a better life,” she said after the Border Patrol discovered her hiding in the bushes on the Arizona side of the border with her husband, her young son and her very pronounced abdomen.
The next big immigration battle looming centres on illegal immigrants’ offspring, who are granted automatic citizenship like all other babies born on US soil. Arguing for an end to the policy, which is rooted in the 14th Amendment of the Constitution, immigration hard-liners describe a wave of migrants like Vasquez stepping across the border in the advanced stages of pregnancy to have what are dismissively called ‘anchor babies’.
The reality at this stretch of the border is more complex, with hospitals reporting some immigrants arriving to give birth in the United States but many of them with valid visas who have crossed the border legally to take advantage of better medical care. Some are even attracted by an electronic billboard on the Mexican side that advertises the services of a US doctor and says bluntly, ‘Do you want to have your baby in the US?’
Women like Vasquez, who was preparing for a desert delivery, are rare.
Still, Arizona — whose law granting police the power to detain illegal immigrants is tied up in the courts — may again take the lead in what is essentially an effort to redefine what it means to be an American. This time, though, Arizona lawmakers intend to join with legislators from several other states to force the issue before the supreme court.
This coalition of lawmakers will unveil its specific plans soon, but people involved in drafting the legislation say they have decided against the painstaking process of amending the constitution. Since the federal government decides who is to be deemed a citizen, the lawmakers are considering instead a move to create two kinds of birth certificates in their states, one for the children of citizens and another for the children of illegal immigrants.
The theory is that this could spark a flurry of lawsuits that might resolve the legal conflict in their favour. “This is not a far-out, extremist position,” said John Kavanagh, one of the Arizona legislators leading an effort that has been called just that. “Only a handful of countries in the world grant citizenship based on the GPS location of the birth.”
Most scholars of the constitution consider the states’ effort to restrict birth certificates patently unconstitutional.
“This is political theatre, not a serious effort to create a legal test,” said Gabriel J Chin, a law professor at the University of Arizona whose grandfather immigrated to the US from China at a time when ethnic Chinese were excluded from the country. “It strikes me as unwise, un-American and unconstitutional.”
The 14th Amendment, adopted in 1868, was a repudiation of the supreme court’s 1857 ruling, in Dred Scott vs Sandford, that people of African descent could never be US citizens. The amendment said that citizenship applied to “all persons born or naturalised in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof.”
In 1898 the supreme court, in United States vs Wong Kim Ark, interpreted the citizenship provision as applying to a child born in the US to a Chinese immigrant couple.
Still unsettled
Still, some conservatives contend that the issue is unsettled. Kris Kobach, the incoming secretary of state in Kansas and a law professor at the University of Missouri-Kansas City who has helped draft many of the tough immigration regulations across the country, argued that the approach the states were planning would hold up to scrutiny.
“I can’t really say much more without showing my hand,” Kobach said in an e-mail. “But, yes, I am confident that the law will stand up in court.”
The legal theories are lost on Laura Gomez, 24, who crossed into Arizona from Mexico five years ago while expecting and is now pregnant with her second child. But like many other pregnant women in Arizona who are without papers, she has been following the issue with anxiety.
“It doesn’t seem fair to just change the rules like that,” Laura said.
Despite being called ‘anchor babies,’ the children of illegal immigrants born in the US cannot actually prevent deportation of their parents. It is not until they reach the age of 21 that the children are able to file paperwork to sponsor their parents for legal immigration status. The parents remain vulnerable until that point.
Maria Ledezma knows as much. Just off a bus that deported her from Phoenix to the Mexico border town of Nogales, she was sobbing as she explained the series of events that led her to be separated from her three daughters, ages 4, 7 and 9 — all US citizens.
“I never imagined being here,” said Maria, 25, who was brought to Phoenix from Mexico as a toddler. “I’ll bet right now that my girls are asking, ‘Where’s mom?’”
Blended families like hers are a reality across the United States. A study released in August by the Pew Hispanic Centre found that about 3,40,000 children were born to illegal immigrants in the US in 2008 and became instant citizens.
In April, Representative Duncan Hunter, one of those pushing for congressional action on the citizenship issue, stirred controversy when he suggested that children born in the US to illegal immigrants should be deported with their parents until the birthright citizenship policy was changed.
Immigrant advocates say intolerance is driving the measure. “They call themselves patriots, but they pick and choose which parts of the constitution they support,” said Lydia Guzman, a Latino activist in Phoenix. “They’re fear-mongerers. They’re clowns.”
Like many other states, Arizona is suffering a severe budget crisis, prompting even some lawmakers who have supported immigration restrictions in the past to question whether it is the right time for another divisive immigration bill. They say the state’s fiscal issues need to be resolved before Arizona jumps back into a controversial immigration debate.
“I was born and raised in New York,” said Kavanagh, a New York native who is chairman of the Appropriations Committee of the Arizona House. “I can ride a subway, drink coffee, read the newspaper and make sure my pockets are not picked all at the same time.”
Scholars who have studied migration over the years say it is the desire for better-paying jobs, not a passport for their children, that is the primary motivator for people to leave their homes for the US. Even Inez Vasquez, who was preparing for a desert delivery, agrees with that.
All things being equal, she would have preferred that her child be born in the Mexico, she said, but it was the prospect of a better economic future, with or without papers, that prompted her and her family to cross. “I’ll try again — but once the baby’s born,” she said.
