Three Americans were awarded the Nobel prize for medicine on Monday for the discovery of a built-in protection device in chromosomes, a finding that sheds light on ageing and may help in the fight against cancer.

Australian-born Elizabeth Blackburn, British-born Jack Szostak and Carol Greider won the prize of 10 million Swedish crowns ($1.42 million), Sweden’s Karolinska Institute said.
The institute said the three had “solved a major problem in biology”, namely how chromosomes were copied completely during cell division and protected against degradation.

“The discoveries... have added a new dimension to our understanding of the cell, shed light on disease mechanisms, and stimulated the development of potential new therapies,” it said.

At the ends of chromosomes are small caps called telomeres, which prevent the cells from degrading. Blackburn and Greider identified telomerase, an enzyme that forms these caps. Meanwhile, research by Szostak and Blackburn cast light on how the shortening of the caps was linked to ageing.

Work on the enzyme is a hot area of drug research, particularly in cancer, since it is thought to play a role in allowing tumour cells to reproduce out of control. “This has broad medical implications for cancer, certain inherited diseases and for ageing,” said Rune Toftgard, a professor at Karolinska Institute. A delighted Greider, who held off from making a statement until she got her children ready for school, said the recognition highlighted the value of discoveries driven by pure curiosity.

Jack Szostak addresses the media at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston on Monday. AP

“We had no idea when we started this work that telomerase would be involved in cancer, but were simply curious about how chromosomes stayed intact,” she said.  “What intrigues basic scientists like me is that any time we do a series of experiments, there are going to be three or four new questions that come up when you think you’ve answered one.

“Our approach shows that while you can do research that tries to answer specific questions about a disease, you can also just follow your nose,” she said. Greider is with the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine in Baltimore and Blackburn is with the University of California, San Francisco. Szostak, who was associated with Harvard Medical School earlier, is currently at the Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston.