<div>Two years ago, three journalists and I worked nervously in a Hong Kong hotel room, waiting to see how the world would react to the revelation that the National Security Agency had been making records of nearly every phone call in the United States. <br /><br />In the days that followed, those journalists and others published documents revealing that democratic governments had been monitoring the private activities of ordinary citizens who had done nothing wrong. Within days, the US government responded by bringing charges against me under World War I-era espionage laws. The journalists were advised by lawyers that they risked arrest or subpoena if they returned to the US. Privately, there were moments when I worried that we might have put our privileged lives at risk for nothing - that the public would react with indifference, or practiced cynicism, to the revelations. <br /><br />Never have I been so grateful to have been so wrong. Two years on, the difference is profound. In a single month, the NSA’s invasive call-tracking programme was declared unlawful by the courts and disowned by Congress. After a White House-appointed oversight board investigation found that this programme had not stopped a single terrorist attack, even the president who once defended its propriety and criticised its disclosure has now ordered it terminated. <br /><br />This is the power of an informed public. Ending the mass surveillance of private phone calls under the Patriot Act is a historic victory for the rights of every citizen, but it is only the latest product of a change in global awareness. Since 2013, institutions across Europe have ruled similar laws and operations illegal and imposed new restrictions on future activities. The United Nations declared mass surveillance an unambiguous violation of human rights. <br /><br />Beyond the frontiers of law, progress has come even more quickly. Technologists have worked tirelessly to re-engineer the security of the devices that surround us, along with the language of the Internet itself. Secret flaws in critical infrastructure that had been exploited by governments to facilitate mass surveillance have been detected and corrected. <br /><br />Basic technical safeguards such as encryption – once considered esoteric and unnecessary – are now enabled by default in the products of pioneering companies like Apple, ensuring that even if your phone is stolen, your private life remains private. <br />Access to basic privaciesSuch structural technological changes can ensure access to basic privacies beyond borders, insulating ordinary citizens from the arbitrary passage of anti-privacy laws, such as those now descending upon Russia. Though we have come a long way, the right to privacy – the foundation of the freedoms enshrined in the United States Bill of Rights – remains under threat. <br /><br />Some of the world’s most popular online services have been enlisted as partners in the NSA’s mass surveillance programmes, and technology companies are being pressured by governments around the world to work against their customers rather than for them. Billions of cellphone location records are still being intercepted without regard for the guilt or innocence of those affected. <br /><br />We have learned that our government intentionally weakens the fundamental security of the Internet with “back doors” that transform private lives into open books. Metadata revealing the personal associations and interests of ordinary Internet users is still being intercepted and monitored on a scale unprecedented in history: As you read this online, the United States government makes a note. <br /><br />At the turning of the millennium, few imagined that citizens of developed democracies would soon be required to defend the concept of an open society against their own leaders. Yet, the balance of power is beginning to shift. We are witnessing the emergence of a post-terror generation, one that rejects a worldview defined by a singular tragedy. <br />For the first time since the attacks of September 11, 2001, we see the outline of a politics that turns away from reaction and fear in favour of resilience and reason. With each court victory, with every change in the law, we demonstrate facts are more convincing than fear. As a society, we rediscover that the value of a right is not in what it hides, but in what it protects? <br /><br />(Snowden, a former CIA officer and NSA contractor, is a director of the Freedom of Press Foundation) <br /></div>
<div>Two years ago, three journalists and I worked nervously in a Hong Kong hotel room, waiting to see how the world would react to the revelation that the National Security Agency had been making records of nearly every phone call in the United States. <br /><br />In the days that followed, those journalists and others published documents revealing that democratic governments had been monitoring the private activities of ordinary citizens who had done nothing wrong. Within days, the US government responded by bringing charges against me under World War I-era espionage laws. The journalists were advised by lawyers that they risked arrest or subpoena if they returned to the US. Privately, there were moments when I worried that we might have put our privileged lives at risk for nothing - that the public would react with indifference, or practiced cynicism, to the revelations. <br /><br />Never have I been so grateful to have been so wrong. Two years on, the difference is profound. In a single month, the NSA’s invasive call-tracking programme was declared unlawful by the courts and disowned by Congress. After a White House-appointed oversight board investigation found that this programme had not stopped a single terrorist attack, even the president who once defended its propriety and criticised its disclosure has now ordered it terminated. <br /><br />This is the power of an informed public. Ending the mass surveillance of private phone calls under the Patriot Act is a historic victory for the rights of every citizen, but it is only the latest product of a change in global awareness. Since 2013, institutions across Europe have ruled similar laws and operations illegal and imposed new restrictions on future activities. The United Nations declared mass surveillance an unambiguous violation of human rights. <br /><br />Beyond the frontiers of law, progress has come even more quickly. Technologists have worked tirelessly to re-engineer the security of the devices that surround us, along with the language of the Internet itself. Secret flaws in critical infrastructure that had been exploited by governments to facilitate mass surveillance have been detected and corrected. <br /><br />Basic technical safeguards such as encryption – once considered esoteric and unnecessary – are now enabled by default in the products of pioneering companies like Apple, ensuring that even if your phone is stolen, your private life remains private. <br />Access to basic privaciesSuch structural technological changes can ensure access to basic privacies beyond borders, insulating ordinary citizens from the arbitrary passage of anti-privacy laws, such as those now descending upon Russia. Though we have come a long way, the right to privacy – the foundation of the freedoms enshrined in the United States Bill of Rights – remains under threat. <br /><br />Some of the world’s most popular online services have been enlisted as partners in the NSA’s mass surveillance programmes, and technology companies are being pressured by governments around the world to work against their customers rather than for them. Billions of cellphone location records are still being intercepted without regard for the guilt or innocence of those affected. <br /><br />We have learned that our government intentionally weakens the fundamental security of the Internet with “back doors” that transform private lives into open books. Metadata revealing the personal associations and interests of ordinary Internet users is still being intercepted and monitored on a scale unprecedented in history: As you read this online, the United States government makes a note. <br /><br />At the turning of the millennium, few imagined that citizens of developed democracies would soon be required to defend the concept of an open society against their own leaders. Yet, the balance of power is beginning to shift. We are witnessing the emergence of a post-terror generation, one that rejects a worldview defined by a singular tragedy. <br />For the first time since the attacks of September 11, 2001, we see the outline of a politics that turns away from reaction and fear in favour of resilience and reason. With each court victory, with every change in the law, we demonstrate facts are more convincing than fear. As a society, we rediscover that the value of a right is not in what it hides, but in what it protects? <br /><br />(Snowden, a former CIA officer and NSA contractor, is a director of the Freedom of Press Foundation) <br /></div>
