JOIN USIf you're lucky, you can spot a grey wolf in Yellowstone National Park, USA. But a century ago, you'd have been hard-pressed to find any there. Poisonings and unregulated hunting obliterated nearly all of these majestic canines from Canada to Mexico, their original home range.
Then the rewilding began. Since their reintroduction to Yellowstone and Idaho in the 1990s, grey wolves have done so well that they're reclaiming other parts of the northern Rockies. In the places where they returned, wolves tidied up explosive deer and elk populations, which had eaten valleys barren. That helped bring back trees and shrubs. Birds and beavers, as well as the animals that live in dams, also returned. The wolves ate coyotes, freeing up their prey for others. Bears and raptors came back for carrion. With more trees controlling erosion, the flows of some rivers were less chaotic, forming pools that became new habitats.
"We're just uncovering these effects of large carnivores at the same time their populations are declining and are at risk," said William Ripple, an ecologist at Oregon State University, USA. He's found that if you rewild some carnivores, or return them back to lost ranges, a cascade of ecological bounty may follow. But not always. Nearly half of carnivore reintroductions fail, and understanding where rewilding may or may not work is critical to getting it right. Lions, tigers and bears - along with grey wolves and 21 other species of large, terrestrial carnivores roam this planet. Extinction and declining populations threaten most of them.
Big hurdles
Recently, scientists and conservationists have been hoping that rewilding will result in ecological benefits like those seen with grey wolves. So, William and Christopher Wolf, a postdoctoral researcher, analysed hundreds of potential rewilding sites from a database of protected areas around the planet where large carnivores have disappeared. They focused on big places with small human footprints, available prey and buffer zones where animals may, traverse safely. Their analysis revealed 130 potential sites suitable for rewilding and an additional 150 spots with little human activity to consider preserving.
Their results, published recently in Royal Society Open Science, suggest that with proper attention and care to ensure these carnivores' survival, rewilding programmes could restore lost ecosystems. But it won't be as simple as finding a dot on a map. Their paper mentions just two specific reintroduction sites where rewilding would likely work out as planned. They suggest it could be possible to put grey wolves in Olympic National Park in Washington and sending endangered red wolves, into Everglades National Park. These places have space for reproduction and development, prey, and humans who may tolerate them.
But for many other locations, especially in developing countries, people still hunt some animals for bushmeat or body parts used in traditional medicine. Fences limit range. Humans compete for prey or kill carnivores that threaten their lives, agriculture or livestock. Not all corridors are safe. These places may better serve as guideposts, directing researchers to spots for further investigations into what's really happening on the ground.
The biggest hurdle will be finding humans willing to live alongside and support efforts to keep big carnivores around, said Thomas Newsome, an ecologist studying human-predator interactions who was not involved in this study. That would mean supporting efforts to stop the activities that killed many large carnivores in the first place. And even for grey wolves, that hasn't been easy: some people don't want them, and others still hunt wolves outside park boundaries.
Perhaps the solution is rethinking what it means to be humans in a natural world, said Layla Abdel Rahim, an anthropologist who has studied human understanding of wilderness. We must recognise our role as partners with the environment, rather than dominators, to maintain functioning ecosystems, she said. Rewilding will be a significant trend in preserving ecosystems where all species matter, said William. "Humans are just figuring out what the interconnectedness in nature is all about."
The New York Times