The forgotten Bahmani necropolis

At first glance, the majestic tombs of Holkunda may remind you of the Haft Gumbaz complex in Kalaburagi or the Ashtur tombs in Bidar, both renowned for their grandeur and historical importance. But nestled quietly about 28 kilometres northeast of Kalaburagi’s Bahmani Fort, lies the lesser-known site of Holkunda. This small village shelters a fascinating Bahmani-era necropolis that has long been overshadowed by its more famous counterparts.

The Holkunda Fort consists of the tomb complex, strategically situated on a hilltop, offering a panoramic view of the surrounding Deccan landscape. There are seven medieval mausoleums, five within an enclosure and two without. The architectural features of these tombs show clear influences of Indo-Islamic architecture. A distinct arched gateway at the village entrance evokes comparisons to Firuzabad’s majestic gates, hinting at the site’s royal past.

Despite the Bahmani Sultanate’s prominence in South Indian history from 1347 to 1527 CE, Holkunda remains virtually absent from mainstream historical narratives and tourist itineraries. The Bahmani Empire, ruled from two capitals — Gulbarga (Ahsanabad) and Bidar. It left behind a legacy of cultural syncretism, monumental architecture, and regional power struggles. 

The Bahmani Sultanate introduced a unique Deccani-Persianate style of architecture, blending Persian, Turkish, and indigenous motifs, such as crescents and discs.

Architectural significance

The tombs at Holkunda are thought to be the resting places of minor nobility, court officials, or possibly princes of the Bahmani lineage who might have died in local battles or during transitions of power. Though precise historical records are lacking, the stylistic resemblance to other Bahmani monuments allows historians to place them within the 15th-century Bahmani architectural tradition. The complex’s domes, arches, and facades echo the Perso-Deccani architectural style, with features such as stucco work, geometric lattice screens (jalis), and corbelled arches. 

All structures are raised on square-shaped, narrow platforms. The outer wall elevation of the structure has a double layer consisting of multiple arches, each arch featuring a floral design in plaster-cut.

The only tomb built in an octagonal shape is a rare structure, featuring beautiful stucco work, with high single arches on each side. One striking element of Holkunda is its spatial layout. The tombs are spread across terraces on the hill, creating a sense of progression as one ascends — perhaps reflecting the hierarchical structure of the court or military establishment of the time. 

Sufi tomb

At the entrance of the complex, one of the tomb enclosures is whitewashed, signifying that it belongs to a revered holy man, also known as a Sufi saint. Locals refer to this 15th-century Sufi shrine as Hazrat Muhammad Mashaq Rehmatullah Alaih. People from various faiths visit the shrine to seek blessings and fulfil their wishes. The structure is well-maintained. The annual Urs fair is held here every year. During this three-day event, a large number of devotees gather to pay homage.

The Urs celebrations include: A grand procession and application of sandal paste on the tomb on the first day, “Chiragan” (lighting of lamps) on the second day, and “Ziyarat” (pilgrimage to the tomb) on the third day.

A Qawwali programme is also organised, featuring invited performers from across the country, adding a soulful and spiritual touch to the event.

On the western side of the complex stands a mosque adorned with exquisite stucco work and delicate black stone carvings. Visitors often offer prayers here during their visit to the fort.

Sadly, Holkunda’s tombs are in a state of neglect. Due to the lack of heritage protection and awareness, many structures show signs of severe weathering. The stucco has faded, several domes are cracked, and vegetation encroachment threatens the very foundation of the buildings.

Local residents are aware of the site’s importance but often lack the means or authority to preserve it. Furthermore, no major archaeological excavation or restoration work has been undertaken to study or conserve Holkunda Fort.

By bringing Holkunda into the historical spotlight, we not only fill a gap in the Bahmani architectural map but also reaffirm our commitment to preserving India’s pluralistic past.