Allergy issues

COMMON IN CHILDREN

Allergies are becoming increasingly common all over the world, especially in developing countries like India. As much as 10-20% of the population is thought to be affected by an allergy-related problem.

While the exact reason for its increase is not known yet, there are many theories on the rise. One that has come up is based on hygiene — being too clean ‘confuses’ the immune system which then targets harmless aspects in the environment like pollen or dust mite.

The increasing pollution levels is also responsible for the rising trend. As a result, children pay the price with respiratory infections and allergic asthma. Allergies are common if other family members have allergies, though it is not the case always.

Many manifestations

Allergies are usually caused by the immune system’s hypersensitivity to something in the environment — these usually cause little problem in most people. It can manifest in many different forms.

Respiratory allergies are by far the most common. Among these, allergic rhinitis is the most common, but it is often poorly identified. Symptoms are runny nose, blocked nose, sneezing, snoring at night or breathing through the mouth. If untreated, it significantly affects quality of life. It can also lead to development of asthma in later life. Another form of allergy that is becoming increasingly common is that of food. People with this are often
allergic to food items such as milk, egg, lentils, nuts, fish, seafood and some fruits. The symptoms are varied and can range from rashes to breathing difficulties.

It is vital that the allergy is correctly diagnosed and managed to avoid allergic reactions. A comprehensive testing can prove to be useful. There are extensive allergy panel tests that are being done in some centres. However, do keep in mind that in some cases, it may be harmful if many unnecessary dietary avoidance are suggested. It can lead to nutritional deficiencies.

Prevention

While allergies can’t be entirely prevented, there are some steps that we can take to reduce its likelihood. Here are a few worth considering: 

Have a balanced diet with plenty of fresh fruit and vegetables. This is
particularly important for pregnant women .

Encourage exclusive breastfeeding for newborns until they are six-months-old.
Introduce a variety of solid food without any restrictions to infants from the age of six months.

Seek prompt medical attention if you or your child have any symptoms suggestive of allergy.

(The author is consultant, paediatric allergy and respiratory medicine, Rainbow Children’s Hospital, Bengaluru)