Martian weather kicks into high gear at night

When night arrives on Mars, plunging temperatures can lead to weather much worse than researchers previously thought was possible on the Red Planet. Snowstorms can spring up with whipping winds that could create problems for missions to the planet, according to a new study.

The analysis upends researchers’ previous assumptions that Martian snow falls slowly and gently from the sky. Getting a handle on the planet’s weather is important for future exploratory missions. But it could also help explain how Mars lost a lot of its water, and what might happen to the water that remains. The study, published on August 21 in Nature Geoscience, moves researchers closer to an answer by providing the first detailed peek into what happens to the water in the Red Planet’s clouds. The new work combined three widely used computer models that enabled the team to simulate large-scale global climates, calculate air turbulence and even make localised weather predictions for Mars.

Multiple modules

Previously, researchers used only one model at a time. When scientists used only a global climate model, they could predict where clouds might be, but they didn’t have any idea about the dynamics within a cloud, says Aymeric Spiga, a planetary scientist at Pierre and Marie Curie University in Paris and the study’s lead author. “That’s the reason why these snowstorms were not discovered before.”

Snow is nothing new for the Red Planet — there are ice caps at its poles. But the significance of clouds in Martian weather, including snowfalls, has flown under the radar until now. Using multiple models is a clever way to simulate weather on Mars, says Paul Hayne, a planetary scientist at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California, USA, who was not involved with the study. “It’s a bit like a Russian doll, with each successively higher-resolution model fitting inside the other,” he says.

During the day, icy clouds about 10–20 km above the planet’s surface absorb sunlight and help keep the atmosphere warm and stable. But Aymeric and his colleagues found that when the sun sets, the temperature inside the clouds cools rapidly, dipping four kelvins per hour.

Their models showed that cold, descending air masses mix with hot air rising from the surface. By about 2 am local time, powerful columns of rushing wind reach speeds of 10 metres per second. The descending winds bring snowlike ice particles with them.

Previous data from NASA’s Phoenix Lander first spotted what looked like falling snow near the Red Planet’s poles in 2008. Researchers estimated that the icy particles took four hours to fall one to two kilometres before dissipating into the atmosphere. But Aymeric and his colleagues found that these minuscule icy particles — about one-thousandth the size of a raindrop — only take five to 10 minutes to fall one to two km.

The researchers’ simulations also revealed some upward release of water vapour in the clouds near the planet’s poles. However, the team notes that it doesn’t know whether atmospheric mixing
patterns favour a net movement of water higher into Mars’ atmosphere — where it could potentially be lost to space — or down towards the surface.

Vertically connected

If this relatively low-level atmospheric mixing pushes water higher up into the atmosphere, that could explain how the Red Planet lost a lot of its water, says Mike Chaffin, a planetary scientist at the University of Colorado Boulder, USA who studies Mars’ upper atmosphere. “More and more, we’re understanding that the Mars atmosphere is connected vertically in ways we didn’t expect,” Mike says.

Understanding the dynamics of the planet’s atmosphere will help eliminate surprises for future missions to Mars. Although the wind speeds in these snowstorms would be considered moderate on Earth — they wouldn’t be strong enough to ground a commercial flight — the Red Planet’s thinner atmosphere would amplify wind turbulence, Aymeric says.

That could raise problems for a robotic rover or a human crew as they tried to land on Mars and carry out a mission on the surface. “Anytime NASA sends a new lander or rover to Mars, the landing of these spacecraft is always a very risky process,” says Aymeric.