Heart-muscle patches created from human cells may significantly improve recovery from a heart attack, a study has found.
The results are a step closer to the goal of treating human heart attacks by suturing cardiac-muscle patches over an area of dead heart muscle in order to reduce the pathology that often leads to heart failure.
Each patch is 1.57 by 0.79 inches in size and nearly as thick as a dime.
Researchers from the University of Alabama at Birmingham in the US found that transplanting two of these patches onto the infarcted area of a pig heart significantly improved the function of the heart's left ventricle, the major pumping chamber.
The patches also significantly reduced infarct size, which is the area of dead muscle; heart-muscle wall stress and heart-muscle enlargement; as well as significantly reducing apoptosis, or programmed cell death, in the scar border area around the dead heart muscle.
Furthermore, the patches did not induce an arrhythmia in the hearts, a serious complication observed in some past biomedical engineering approaches to treat heart attacks.
Each patch is a mixture of three cell types 4 million cardiomyocytes or heart-muscle cells; 2 million endothelial cells, which are well-known to help cardiomyocytes survive and function in a micro-environment; and 2 million smooth muscle cells, which line blood vessels.
The three cell types were differentiated from cardiac- lineage, human induced pluripotent stem cells, or hiPSCs, rather than using hiPSCs created from skin cells or other cell types.
Each patch was grown in a three-dimensional fibrin matrix that was rocked back and forth for a week. The cells begin to beat synchronously after one day.
This mixture of three cell types and the dynamic rocking produced more heart muscle cells that were more mature, with superior heart-muscle physiological function and contractive force.
The patches resembled native heart-muscle tissue in their physiological and contractile properties.
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