With 16 MLAs resigning and bringing down the strength of the Karnataka Assembly from 224 to 208, the Congress-JD(S) strength has been brought down to 101 (including one from the BSP), down from its majority mark of 113. Chief Minister HD Kumaraswamy seeks to prove his majority by moving the confidence motion in a floor test on Thursday, as announced by speaker K R Ramesh Kumar. 

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Here's everything you need to know about the process:

What is a floor test?

A constitutional mechanism devised to establish the executive i.e. the government's majority on the floor of the Legislative Assembly. The chief minister, appointed by the governor based on a party or coalition reaching a majority, is asked to move a vote of confidence when that majority is under question. The majority is then established or fails to be established through voting by members present in the Assembly on the designated day. If the chief minister fails to prove his majority, what follows is his resignation. A floor test can also be announced if there are differences between the parties in a coalition.

What happens in a floor test?

The speaker will conduct the floor test to ascertain the majority. The chief minister has to move a vote of confidence and win a majority. If the confidence motion fails, the chief minister has to resign.

What is a composite floor test?

A composite floor test is called for only when more than one party claims to form the government. This happens when the majority is not clear and the governor of the state calls for a special session to establish a majority.

Who votes and how?

In a simple floor test or even in the case of a composite floor test, the majority is sealed based on the votes of the members present. The casting of votes can be done in two ways. Voice vote: The members cast their votes orally. Division vote: Votes are cast with the use of ballots, electronic gadgets or slips. In case of a ballot, the vote cast is a secret vote.

What is the difference between no-confidence motion and trust vote?

Motion of no-confidence:

A motion of no confidence, alternatively the vote of no confidence or confidence motion - against the government in the state can only be introduced in the State Legislative Assembly. A State Legislative Assembly may be dissolved in a state of emergency, by the governor on request of the chief minister, or if a motion of no confidence is passed against the majority coalition.

A motion of no-confidence is usually moved by the Opposition when it feels that the ruling party or parties do not have a majority in the Assembly any longer.

Trust vote:

A trust vote can take place in an Assembly to give members the chance to convey confidence in a government. It is usually proposed by way of a motion of confidence moved by the government or brought by the Opposition. If the government lacks a majority, it would lead to its resignation.

A trust vote can be put into action when the ruling government resigns and another party stakes a claim to form the government.

What is the role of the speaker?

The speaker would conduct the floor test. His main duty is to administer the oath to the newly elected members. The Speaker also looks into the resignations of the members of the House. The Speaker's role is also crucial during a confidence vote, with the disqualification of the MLAs, given India's anti-defection law. The Speaker, by convention, can exercise his vote in the event of a tie. 

What are the disqualifications?

Article 102 of the Constitution lays down grounds for disqualification relating to the code of conduct and office of profit etc. Under Article 99 of the Constitution, no elected member of a House can take his or her seat before the oath of office is administered.

Under Article 104, they can be disqualified if they vote before taking such an oath. This means that a floor test cannot happen before the swearing-in of newly elected MLAs. Walking out of the House also calls for disqualification and becomes favourable to the opposing party.

The other major reason for disqualification is connected to either defection or switching of sides.

Anti-defection provisions were added to the Constitution as the Tenth Schedule after the 52nd Amendment. Anti-defection provisions are applied after a party has proven majority.

Will the members be disqualified if they (1) cross-vote (2) remain absent or (3) be present but abstain from voting?

The legislators may change party without risk of disqualification in certain circumstances. One such is when a party decides to merge with or into another party. The law allows this provided that at least two-thirds of legislators are in favour of the merger.

In this situation, neither the members who decide to merge nor the ones who stay with the original party will face disqualification. The members' votes against their party directions will still be counted as valid.

However, cross-voting and abstaining from voting while they remain present in the Assembly would attract anti-defection provisions leading to disqualification.

When a member remains absent, unless he can prove that he was absent due to a genuine emergency, it would still attract action from the anti-defection law. To escape the anti-defection law, two-third of the members of a party must refrain from the above-mentioned disqualifications, i.e the members must defect.

What happens in the event of a tie?

After the entire process, if the result of votes cast by the present members is a tie, the Speaker steps in and casts his vote, thereby sealing the process.

Karnataka Crisis 2018, 2019:

2018: The Karnataka Assembly floor test was triggered by a fractured mandate in the state Assembly elections. The Supreme Court had given BJP leader BS Yeddyurappa 24 hours to prove his majority in the Karnataka Assembly.

BJP emerged the single largest party with 104 seats but fell short of crossing the halfway mark in the 222-member Assembly. The BJP was subsequently invited by the governor to form the government.

Yeddyurappa took oath as chief minister in the face of opposition from the JD(S) and the Congress party, who claimed they had the required numbers. The coalition came about after a hung verdict in the polls.

Yeddyurappa had to prove he had the support of more than 111 members on the House floor.

The BJP, despite being the single largest party, failed to reach the majority mark. HD Kumaraswamy, as the head of the coalition government of the Congress and the JD (S), won the trust vote in the Assembly with 116 votes.

2019: The coalition government in Karnataka became shakey after 16 MLAs - 13 of the Congress and three of the JD(S) - resigned from Assembly membership. Out of the 16, 10 MLAs' resignations were found to be not in the right format. The Supreme Court on Friday asked Speaker KR Ramesh Kumar to not take any decision on resignation or disqualification. However, Karnataka Chief Minister Kumaraswamy called for a floor test on July 12, 2019, to prove the government's majority in the Assembly. The Speaker allotted a slot on July 18 for the floor test.

The Supreme Court on Tuesday reserved its order for Wednesday at 10.30 a.m. on a plea made by as many as 15 rebel MLAs from Karnataka for a direction to the Speaker to decide on their resignations.