Kamala Harris' dual identities challenge America's race labels

It was just 20 years ago that the US census began to allow Americans to identify as more than one race.

And now, the country is on the threshold of seeing the name of Kamala Harris -- proud daughter of a Jamaican father and Indian mother -- on the national ballot.

Harris' historic nomination for vice president on the Democratic ticket is challenging multicultural, race-obsessed America's emphasis on labels.

While her dual heritage represents several slices of the minority experience in America, many have puzzled over how to define her — an issue people of multiracial backgrounds have long had to navigate.

Harris has long incorporated both sides of her parentage in her public persona, but also has been steadfast in claiming her Black identity, saying her mother -- the biggest influence on her life -- raised her and her sister as Black because that's the way the world would view them.

"My mother instilled in my sister, Maya, and me the values that would chart the course of our lives," Harris said in a Wednesday night speech at the Democratic National Convention to accept her party's nomination.

Read: Kamala Harris's sister, step-daughter, niece deliver speeches to nominate her as US Vice President

“She raised us to be proud, strong Black women. And she raised us to know and be proud of our Indian heritage.”

A 2015 Pew Research Center study found that multiracial people in the US were growing at a rate three times faster than the general population.

A majority said they were proud of their mixed-race background, but had been subjected to racial slurs or jokes. And about 25 percent said they were bothered by people making assumptions about their racial background.

Harris herself has lamented how others feel a need to define her, despite how comfortable she is in her own skin.

“I didn't go through some evolution about who am I and what is my identity,” she said in a June interview with the Los Angeles Times' 'Asian Enough' podcast.

“And I guess the frustration I have is if people think that I should have gone through such a crisis and need to explain it.”

For others from multiracial backgrounds, however, the journey can be fraught. On her Instagram account, Amanda Neal proudly declares that she's “HELLA BLACK, HELLA PINAY,” referring to the demonym for a woman of Filipino descent. But the 30-year-old voice instructor in Chicago says it's taken much time and self-reflection to fully embrace both sides of her racial identity.

As a young girl, Neal said people often tried to make her choose one identity over the other because her mother is an immigrant from Philippines and her father is an African American who grew up in Chicago and Hawaii.

And she said some Filipino relatives told her to avoid sounding or acting “too Black.” “It turned into an anti-Blackness that I didn't even know I had,” she said.

Sheila SatheWarner's two sons are Black and Asian, just like Harris. SatheWarner is Indian American, and her husband is of African Caribbean descent via St. Croix.

Read: Joe Biden praises Indian-origin Senator Kamala Harris in his nomination acceptance speech

While one boy looks more Indian and the other more Black, SatheWarner said she has stressed their Black heritage, much like Harris' mother.

She encourages them to embrace Afro-textured hair and reminds them to never play with toy guns for fear of them being targeted by police.

“We've always talked to them about both their heritages. We have been committed to visiting St. Croix,” said SatheWarner, a middle-school principal from Alameda, California. “They are both Black.”

The subject is inextricably linked to the “one drop rule,” a legal principle rooted in slavery that anyone with even a drop of Black lineage could not own land or be free. Today, it manifests itself in the way people visually categorize others and the social hierarchy between races, said Sarah Gaither, a Duke University professor studying race who herself is Black and white.

No one carries the same experience or should serve as “identity police,” said Gaither, who stressed the importance of allowing multiracial, multicultural people to define for themselves who they are, and accepting that a biracial person's identity may evolve.

Officially, the US census claims that about 3.5 percent of US residents identified as two or more races in 2018, up from 2.4 percent in 2000.

But when Pew conducted its own survey, its number increased five-fold when accounting for people who identified as one race but said that at least one of their parents was a different race or multiracial, as well as people who had at least one grandparent of a different race than themselves or their parents.