<div>In the Italian countryside, not far from Pisa, a vast experiment is about to be switched on. If it’s a success, one of Albert Einstein’s greatest predictions will have been directly observed for the first time. If it fails, laws of physics might have to be reconsidered. The experiment is called Advanced Virgo, and it will be hunting for the most elusive of astrophysical phenomena. <br /><br />“Maybe we have the opportunity for the first time to detect gravitational waves on Earth,” explains Franco Frasconi, from the University Pisa, who is part of Virgo’s international team. “This would be a clear demonstration that what [Einstein] said 100 years ago is absolutely correct.”<br /><br />On 25 November 1915, Albert Einstein presented the final version of his field equations to the Prussian Academy of Sciences. They underpinned his Theory of General Relativity — a pillar of modern physics that has transformed our understanding of space, time and gravity. From it, we have been able to understand so much — from the expansion of the universe, to the motion of the planets and the existence of black holes.<br /><br />But he also proposed the presence of gravitational waves, essentially ripples of energy that distort the fabric of space-time. Think of them as a bit like the waves that radiate out when you throw a stone into a pond. Any object with mass should generate them when it’s on the move. Even us. But the greater the mass, and more dramatic the motion, the larger the waves. And Einstein predicted that the Universe was awash with them.<br /><br />First run<br />But while astronomers have indirect evidence for their existence, getting a glimpse of these cosmic curiosities has not yet been possible. Physicist Toby Wiseman, from Imperial College London, UK, explained: “I’m not surprised we haven’t directly seen gravity waves yet. Gravity is actually the most feeble of the forces and even dramatic astrophysical sources only emit weak gravity waves.” Now, in Italy, scientists hope to find them. But it won’t be easy.<br /><br />The first incarnation of the Virgo experiment ran from 2007 — and didn’t see anything. Neither did its US-counterpart, the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (Ligo). But both machines — called interferometers — are now undergoing expensive upgrades, and the teams hope major improvements in sensitivity could hold the key to success.<br /><br />Franco explained: “The technology available to detect gravitational waves is available just today. “During the last 10 years, we have developed very sophisticated technology to construct this kind of interferometer.” The scientists are attempting to spot the tiny distortions created when gravitational waves pass through Earth. They are hoping to see those emanating from violent cosmic events, such as exploding stars or colliding black holes.<br /><br />The Virgo detector is formed of two identical three-km tunnels, in a giant L-shape formation. A laser beam is generated, then split into two — with one half being fired along one tunnel, and the other half surging through the second tunnel. Mirrors at either end send the lasers travelling back and forth many times, before they are recombined.<br /><br />This might seem elaborate, but it takes advantage of a handy property of lasers — the fact that they are intense beams of light, and light is a wave. Imagine if two waves in the ocean crashed into each other, while one was at a peak, and one was at a trough — the waves would cancel each other out. The same is true inside the experiment. And if the waves have travelled exactly the same distance along the two tunnels, then they cancel each other out, producing no signal.<br /><br />However, if a gravitational wave has travelled through the tunnel, it will very subtly distort its surroundings, changing the length of the tunnels by a minute amount — just a fraction of the width of an atom. And the way the waves move through space and time means that one tunnel would be stretched and one squeezed, which would result in one laser travelling a slightly longer distance while the other would have a shorter journey.<br /><br />As a result, the split beams will re-combine in a different way: the waves of light will interfere with each other, rather than cancelling out — and scientists will detect a signal. Great efforts have been made to insulate the experiments from the general rumbles that pervade Earth, from traffic noise to earthquakes. <br /><br />“You are trying to build a machine to avoid potential noise,” says Franco. “This machine is anchored directly on the ground floor — and the ground floor typically vibrates. The most important challenge is to isolate the mirrors. “For Virgo, this is the most important challenge. From the beginning we have spent a lot of time to develop the multistage pendulum to isolate the mirrors from seismic noise.”<br /><br />Cascading effect<br />But even then, a signal in Italy will not be enough. If a gravitational wave is spotted there, the upgraded Advanced Ligo in America, which has the same set-up as Virgo, but is made up of two detectors with four km-long arms, should also see the signal. So potentially should another, smaller experiment in Germany.<br /><br />Advanced Ligo is now up and running, and scientists hope Virgo will be ready to be switched on by the end of the year. The collaborating teams are so confident of success that they’re forecasting that January 1, 2017 will be the day the breakthrough is made. This prediction may be a little tongue in cheek, but Franco, who has been working in this field for two decades, is confident that the end of the search is near. “Right now, it is extremely important to detect gravitational waves for the first time on Earth. Otherwise we do not have the right information, the right knowledge of the rest of the Universe.”<br /><br />If the waves do not show up now, it will mean that the experiments may need to be redesigned. And in the most extreme case, perhaps physicists might have to rethink the way the Universe works. But a direct glimpse will open a new window on the cosmos — one that wouldn’t have been possible without Einstein.<br /><br />Wiseman, from Imperial College London, explains: “Seeing gravity waves would be fantastic confirmation of our understanding of general relativity. “We have good reason to think they exist, but we can’t be sure we have understood general relativity correctly until we see these ripples in space and time directly. “Observing them would allow us new ways to test general relativity, but also give us an entirely new tool for observing some of the most fascinating objects in our Universe.”<br /><br /></div>
<div>In the Italian countryside, not far from Pisa, a vast experiment is about to be switched on. If it’s a success, one of Albert Einstein’s greatest predictions will have been directly observed for the first time. If it fails, laws of physics might have to be reconsidered. The experiment is called Advanced Virgo, and it will be hunting for the most elusive of astrophysical phenomena. <br /><br />“Maybe we have the opportunity for the first time to detect gravitational waves on Earth,” explains Franco Frasconi, from the University Pisa, who is part of Virgo’s international team. “This would be a clear demonstration that what [Einstein] said 100 years ago is absolutely correct.”<br /><br />On 25 November 1915, Albert Einstein presented the final version of his field equations to the Prussian Academy of Sciences. They underpinned his Theory of General Relativity — a pillar of modern physics that has transformed our understanding of space, time and gravity. From it, we have been able to understand so much — from the expansion of the universe, to the motion of the planets and the existence of black holes.<br /><br />But he also proposed the presence of gravitational waves, essentially ripples of energy that distort the fabric of space-time. Think of them as a bit like the waves that radiate out when you throw a stone into a pond. Any object with mass should generate them when it’s on the move. Even us. But the greater the mass, and more dramatic the motion, the larger the waves. And Einstein predicted that the Universe was awash with them.<br /><br />First run<br />But while astronomers have indirect evidence for their existence, getting a glimpse of these cosmic curiosities has not yet been possible. Physicist Toby Wiseman, from Imperial College London, UK, explained: “I’m not surprised we haven’t directly seen gravity waves yet. Gravity is actually the most feeble of the forces and even dramatic astrophysical sources only emit weak gravity waves.” Now, in Italy, scientists hope to find them. But it won’t be easy.<br /><br />The first incarnation of the Virgo experiment ran from 2007 — and didn’t see anything. Neither did its US-counterpart, the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (Ligo). But both machines — called interferometers — are now undergoing expensive upgrades, and the teams hope major improvements in sensitivity could hold the key to success.<br /><br />Franco explained: “The technology available to detect gravitational waves is available just today. “During the last 10 years, we have developed very sophisticated technology to construct this kind of interferometer.” The scientists are attempting to spot the tiny distortions created when gravitational waves pass through Earth. They are hoping to see those emanating from violent cosmic events, such as exploding stars or colliding black holes.<br /><br />The Virgo detector is formed of two identical three-km tunnels, in a giant L-shape formation. A laser beam is generated, then split into two — with one half being fired along one tunnel, and the other half surging through the second tunnel. Mirrors at either end send the lasers travelling back and forth many times, before they are recombined.<br /><br />This might seem elaborate, but it takes advantage of a handy property of lasers — the fact that they are intense beams of light, and light is a wave. Imagine if two waves in the ocean crashed into each other, while one was at a peak, and one was at a trough — the waves would cancel each other out. The same is true inside the experiment. And if the waves have travelled exactly the same distance along the two tunnels, then they cancel each other out, producing no signal.<br /><br />However, if a gravitational wave has travelled through the tunnel, it will very subtly distort its surroundings, changing the length of the tunnels by a minute amount — just a fraction of the width of an atom. And the way the waves move through space and time means that one tunnel would be stretched and one squeezed, which would result in one laser travelling a slightly longer distance while the other would have a shorter journey.<br /><br />As a result, the split beams will re-combine in a different way: the waves of light will interfere with each other, rather than cancelling out — and scientists will detect a signal. Great efforts have been made to insulate the experiments from the general rumbles that pervade Earth, from traffic noise to earthquakes. <br /><br />“You are trying to build a machine to avoid potential noise,” says Franco. “This machine is anchored directly on the ground floor — and the ground floor typically vibrates. The most important challenge is to isolate the mirrors. “For Virgo, this is the most important challenge. From the beginning we have spent a lot of time to develop the multistage pendulum to isolate the mirrors from seismic noise.”<br /><br />Cascading effect<br />But even then, a signal in Italy will not be enough. If a gravitational wave is spotted there, the upgraded Advanced Ligo in America, which has the same set-up as Virgo, but is made up of two detectors with four km-long arms, should also see the signal. So potentially should another, smaller experiment in Germany.<br /><br />Advanced Ligo is now up and running, and scientists hope Virgo will be ready to be switched on by the end of the year. The collaborating teams are so confident of success that they’re forecasting that January 1, 2017 will be the day the breakthrough is made. This prediction may be a little tongue in cheek, but Franco, who has been working in this field for two decades, is confident that the end of the search is near. “Right now, it is extremely important to detect gravitational waves for the first time on Earth. Otherwise we do not have the right information, the right knowledge of the rest of the Universe.”<br /><br />If the waves do not show up now, it will mean that the experiments may need to be redesigned. And in the most extreme case, perhaps physicists might have to rethink the way the Universe works. But a direct glimpse will open a new window on the cosmos — one that wouldn’t have been possible without Einstein.<br /><br />Wiseman, from Imperial College London, explains: “Seeing gravity waves would be fantastic confirmation of our understanding of general relativity. “We have good reason to think they exist, but we can’t be sure we have understood general relativity correctly until we see these ripples in space and time directly. “Observing them would allow us new ways to test general relativity, but also give us an entirely new tool for observing some of the most fascinating objects in our Universe.”<br /><br /></div>