The Supreme Court on Tuesday passed judgement that it could not legally recognise same-sex marriages, after hearing a batch of pleas seeking legal sanction for the same. The apex court put the onus on the Parliament to frame the necessary laws.
The court ruled that the right to enter union cannot be restricted on the basis of sexual orientation.
"The Union Govt, State Govts and UTs shall not discriminate against the right of the queer community to enter into union", CJI D Y Chandrachud said.
"Failure of State to recognise the bouquet of rights flowing from a queer relationship amounts to discrimination", the CJI observed.
While adding "Transgender persons in heterosexual relationships have the right to marry under the existing laws including personal laws", the CJI said, and continued that unmarried couples, including queer ones, can jointly adopt a child.
"This court cannot make law, it can only interpret it and give effect to it," the CJI said, while passing judgement. He had started by saying there were four judgements in the case, one from him, and the others from the Supreme Court bench hearing the matter.
"There is a degree of agreement and a degree of disagreement on how far we have to go", the CJI said.
He added, "Queerness can be regardless of one's caste or class or socio-economic status", leading up to the judgement.
The CJI continued that marriage as an institution has metamorphosed over time.
Chandrachud further said that if the apex court held "Section 4 of Special Marriage Act is unconstitutional because of being under-inclusive" it has to either strike it down or read it down.
The CJI noted "The right to enter into Union includes the right to choose one's partner and the right to recognition of that union", adding that "failure to recognize such associations will result in discrimination against queer couples."
The Solicitor General has already said that the Union would set out a committee to examine rights which can be conferred to such a couple.
The right to choose a partner goes to the very root of the right to life and liberty under Article 21, the CJI observed.
Stating that the gender of a person is the not the same as their sexuality, the CJI said "A transgender person is in a heterosexual relationship, such a marriage is recognised by the law. Since a transgender person can be in a heterosexual relationship, a union between a transman and a transwoman or vice versa can be registered under Special Marriage Act (SMA)."
The court also recognised that queer people cannot be discriminated against. The CJI said that material benefits and services that heterosexual couples get cannot be denied to queer couples, since that would be a violation of their fundamental rights.
Speaking on adoption rights, the CJI noted that neither can one assume unmarried couples are not serious about their relationship. He added, "There is no material on record to prove that only a married heterosexual couple can provide stability to a child."
Chandrachud also declared that stating only heterosexual couples can be good parents, is a violation of Article 15, since it is discriminatory.
"The CARA circular (which excludes queer couples from adoption) is violative of Article 15 of the Constitution", he said.
"CARA Regulation 5(3) indirectly discriminates against atypical unions. A queer person can adopt only in an individual capacity. This has the effect of reinforcing the discrimination against queer community", he added.
The CJI then directed the Union governments, state governments, and UTs to not discriminate against the queer community.
He also directed them to ensure no discrimination exists in access to goods and services.
Chandrachud added a few more directives including - sensitising public about queer rights, creating hotline for queer community, creating safe house for queer couples, ensuring inter-sex children are not forced to undergo operations, no person shall be forced to undergo hormonal therapy.
He also said queer community should not be harassed by being called to the police station to be asked about their sexual identity. The police cannot force queer couples to return to their natal families either, the CJI directed.
"Police should conduct a preliminary enquiry before registering an FIR against a queer couple over their relationship", he further said.
A five-judge bench including Justices Sanjay Kishan Kaul, S Ravindra Bhat, Hima Kohli, and PS Narasimha, and led by CJI D Y Chandrachud had begun hearing the matter from April 18.
The bench, after rigorous deliberation, reserved its judgement on May 11, 2023, setting the stage for a verdict that will greatly impact the LGBTQIA+ community in the world's largest democracy.
The apex court confined the case to the Special Marriage Act of 1954 and issued a clarification that it would not be dealing with personal laws or the Hindu Marriage Act.
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