Regulate, don’t ban, in haste

A recent visit to a restaurant after a long break was greatly satisfying. Friends catching up, much merriment, and a full course, sumptuous meal. The bill that came at the end raised eyebrows but never mind. Along with the bill, the waiter inserted two vouchers for Rs 500 each. What’s this, we asked. These can be used on your next visit here, he said. No expiry date. And also, transferable. It is quite an innovative way of ensuring a repeat visit, and customer loyalty.

What if I just give it to a friend. Or what if I ‘sold’ it for a discount (say at half the face value) to a stranger? Or what if I put it up for sale on social media, and got the best bid? Is such a transaction illegal? Does selling a voucher for real cash upset the country’s monetary policy? Does it harm the RBI’s currency sovereignty? These questions are not facile.

Also Read | Cyber frauds main concern for digital currency

In the 1970s, there was a loyalty programme called Ramon Bonus Stamps. You earned these on every purchase, and then they could be exchanged for gifts, or could be given to friends. Some collectors may even have exchanged it for real money. It was a huge success but soon led to some enterprising businesses printing just the “bonus stamps” which threatened to become a parallel currency. Hence the Ramon Bonus Stamps scheme had to be stopped.

Of course, this was before the era of the hologram or QR-code authentication, which would have eliminated counterfeiters. Not surprisingly, loyalty programmes have survived, as the most recent restaurant vouchers demonstrate. The points you earn on loyalty (whether on airlines, or credit card purchases or on Amazon), can be used to buy merchandise, or make donations for charity. Some, like Amazon, have become wallets that can then be used to pay for many other goods and services, not necessarily linked to the source company which created the wallet. The prepaid wallets have led to a lot of regulation but did not have to be banned.

Now, think about the new world of cryptocurrencies. The terminology is unfortunate since they are not (yet) meant to be a parallel currency, out to replace the sovereign currency. But because their origin is from the Blockchain technology-based Bitcoin, whose founders wanted to rebel against the monopoly of sovereign fiat money, the “currency” moniker has stuck. Unlike the Ramon Bonus Stamps of yore, or Amazon Pay type wallets, why are authorities so riled up about cryptocurrencies?

There is a bill soon to be tabled in Parliament which aims to ban all private cryptocurrencies (there are dozens, if not hundreds, of these). Countries like China, Vietnam, Morocco and Bolivia have banned private cryptocurrencies. But in most other countries, these crypto-assets are heavily traded. The authentication of the trade and ownership of cryptocurrencies is based on the distributed electronic immutable ledgers stored and replicated worldwide, also known as decentralised Blockchain technology.

Crypto authentication works similarly to how our Aadhaar number gets authenticated instantly from a remote server, maintained with high security by the government. But in the case of cryptos, the authentication does not depend on any central authority or any government. It is based on the sophisticated mathematics of cryptography and on algorithms. Not even the most determined cyber expert or hacking can crack the security of crypto asset ownership. That is why it has become a darling of investors for more than a decade now.

Crypto coins have to be “mined” by algorithms and there can only be a finite number of them. No one can increase this limit. The earliest one is the Bitcoin whose quoted “price” reached a high of $65,000. As per J P Morgan analysts, the target price can reach $120,000. That’s why it attracts many speculative investors, and it is also the reason for great volatility.

The crypto asset mania has affected Indian investors, too. An estimated 20 million Indians have invested in crypto-assets with a collective estimated value of about Rs 40,000 crore. During the recent T20 Cricket World Cup, the total spending on television ads from crypto exchanges was about Rs 50 crore. Ads were splashed across the front pages of newspapers, too, touting cryptos as “doubling the value of your investments”. That is why even the Prime Minister had to issue a cautionary note. But he was referring to misleading advertisements, not crypto assets per se. Not surprisingly the ads toned down considerably. But then came news that the government may ban cryptocurrencies totally. This spooked investors and the value dropped by more than half.

Given that this is based on Blockchain technology, which will play a crucial role in enhancing the security of contracts, help in cross-border transactions, and will also be the basis of the RBI’s soon-to-be-introduced digital currency, it seems silly and knee-jerk to simply ban crypto asset trading and ownership. If people choose to park some of their savings in crypto, like they do in gold, it does not threaten the stability of the sovereign currency. Nor does it make monetary policy defunct. People go for gold, as a hedge against unexpected inflation. This is their way of expressing distrust in an inflationary currency. So also, if people turn to cryptocurrencies, it is like them expressing partial distrust, or skepticism, in the stability of the fiat currency.

It is better to regulate the trading of crypto currencies, to keep track of the digital trail and perhaps garner some tax revenue, too (like the security transaction tax on stock markets). No doubt, with increasing acceptance, it might be used to buy real goods and services, but that too can be regulated. Surely enough, vigilance technology can be used to prevent its use to fund terrorism or drugs. If crypto transactions cross country borders, and effectively mean flight of capital, it is already happening through the annual import of gold. So long as the proportion is small compared to the size of the national economy, it is premature and foolish to become alarmed. Indeed, the presence of an active crypto market is a challenge for the authorities to maintain a stable sovereign currency, with low inflation and a high level of people’s trust. That’s the most effective antidote to keeping the crypto-mania from flaring up.

(The writer is an economist and Senior Fellow, Takshashila Institution)
(Syndicate: The Billion Press)

Check out the latest videos from DH: