Explained | What we know about the Myanmar earthquake

A 7.7-magnitude earthquake struck central Myanmar on Friday, sending shock waves across Southeast Asia and leaving a trail of death and destruction.

The military junta in Myanmar said that nearly 700 people had died and more than 1,600 had been injured. The death toll seemed certain to rise significantly.

Hundreds of miles from the epicenter, the earthquake collapsed a skyscraper under construction in Bangkok, killing at least seven people and leaving dozens missing. It also shook buildings in China and rattled bridges and homes as far away as Vietnam.

Myanmar is in the throes of a civil war that has left nearly 20 million people without proper food and shelter. Censorship imposed by its military government has limited the spread of information from the heart of the disaster, even as the scale of damage in Thailand and other countries is slowly becoming clear.

Where was the epicenter?

The quake struck near Mandalay, in central Myanmar, at roughly 12:50 p.m. local time, according to the US Geological Survey. Approximately 12 minutes later, an aftershock hit the same area.

An earthquake with a magnitude of 7.7 is considered major. The magnitude of the aftershock is categorized as strong and likely to cause damage, particularly in densely populated areas, according to the agency.

Central Myanmar, where large plates of the Earth's crust are in motion, is prone to powerful earthquakes. The country lies on the eastern end of the Alpide Belt, one world's most active zones of seismic activity. Three quakes of magnitude 7.7 or greater have struck in or near Myanmar in the last century, according to a USGS database, with the most recent in 1988.

The earthquake Friday struck at a relatively shallow depth of 6 miles, meaning it was likely to cause more violent shaking. That shaking was felt as far away as Bangkok, Thailand's capital.

Which countries have been affected?

Despite the limited information from authorities in Myanmar, the earthquake was almost certainly most destructive there. The city of Mandalay, the largest major city near the epicenter, has an estimated population of 1.5 million people.

Neighbouring Thailand also felt the might of the earthquake, particularly in Bangkok, where around 11 million people live in the metropolitan area. Prime Minister Paetongtarn Shinawatra declared the city an "area of emergency," asking residents to evacuate from tall buildings to avoid aftershocks.

In China, news media outlets in Yunnan province, neighboring Myanmar, reported damage to buildings in the busy border city of Ruili.

The shaking was also felt in Bangladesh, to Myanmar's west, but there were no immediate reports of damage.

What is the death toll, and what damage has been caused?

The toll is expected to rise as rescue workers dig through the rubble and injured people make their way to hospitals. Myanmar's military government said that nearly 700 people had been killed and more than 1,600 injured, but the full extent of the toll was hard to assess in a country that has largely been isolated from the rest of the world. Modeling by the United States Geological Survey estimates that the death toll is likely to surpass 10,000.

In Mandalay, video showed that the Ava Bridge, originally built by the British in the 1930s, had partly collapsed, according to footage verified by The New York Times. But heavy censorship enforced by Myanmar's military government has made it hard to see the full extent of the damage.

In Thailand, at least seven people died and dozens were missing when a skyscraper that had been under construction collapsed in Bangkok. At least 20 people were trapped in an elevator shaft, an official said, and it was unclear if they were still alive. The city's elevated train service was shut down and people fled from tall buildings after the city was placed in a state of emergency.

Chinese state media reported that an unspecified number of people were injured, with houses and buildings damaged in the city of Ruili.

What aid is available?

In Myanmar, the areas worst hit are in the center of the country, which are controlled by the military junta. When disasters have struck in the past, like Cyclone Mocha in 2023 and Cyclone Nargis in 2008, the military government avoided asking for international assistance and throttled aid in areas not under its control.

After the powerful earthquake Friday, the junta made a rare appeal for help. The plea signaled that authorities were bracing for a high death toll.

"We will cooperate with them to ensure the best care for the victims," Gen. Zaw Min Tun, Myanmar's military spokesperson, said after the government declared a state of emergency in six regions.

Areas of the country that are controlled by rebel forces are farther from the epicenter of the quake. These areas appear to be relatively unscathed, but information in these often isolated areas may be slow to emerge.

The World Health Organization said that it was looking at sending trauma supplies to support Myanmar. The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies said that teams in the country were assessing the situation.