Budget 2026 FAQs | What is deflation? How is it different from disinflation?

They are distinct economic phenomena with different implications on a country's economy

Deflation and disinflation, though sound similar, are distinct economic phenomena with different implications on a country's economy, particularly in the context of India's budget. Understanding these terms is key to grasp the subtleties of fiscal and monetary policy.

With Union Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman all set to present her ninth consecutive Budget on February 1, here is a look at what these terms mean and their importance.

Deflation is a decrease in the general price level of goods and services over a period. It is a sign of a stagnating economy, where demand for goods and services falls, leading to a decrease in the price. While lower price might initially seem beneficial, deflation can lead to reduced consumer spending, as people delay purchases in anticipation of further price drops.

This results in decreased revenue for businesses, leading to job cuts and lower economic growth, further worsening the economic slowdown.

Disinflation, in contrast, means a slowdown in the rate of inflation — a sustained year-on-year increase in the general price level. Disinflation occurs when the general price level is still increasing but at a slower pace than before.

Disinflation is often seen as a positive sign, especially if the economy was previously experiencing high inflation rates. It suggests that inflationary pressures are easing, leading to more stable prices without the risks associated with deflation.

India, with its vast and diverse economy, has experienced both deflation and disinflation in different phases. These phenomena play a significant role in the context of the Budget.

The government and the Reserve Bank of India closely monitor inflation and deflation trends to adjust the fiscal and monetary policies accordingly.

The government may increase spending or cut taxes to stimulate demand during periods of deflation or high disinflation. The RBI may reduce interest rates to encourage borrowing and spending. Conversely, if disinflation is occurring in the context of a booming economy, it can signal a healthy adjustment where the government may focus on maintaining stability without allowing the economy to grow too fast.

Deflation and disinflation affect everything from public spending and borrowing to interest rates and exchange rates, impacting the common citizen's economic well-being and the country’s overall economic trajectory.