JOIN USBrazen Brazil Mining is energy-intensive and is one of the underlying reasons for Brazil developing dozens of large hydropower plants in the
heart of the Amazonia, writes Luke Parry
All eyes are on Brazil following the re-election of Dilma Rousseff as president after an eventful campaign in which the strongly pro-environment candidate Marina Silva was squarely defeated.
Now, the country’s green credentials are seriously at risk. In a new report in the journal Science, researchers from Brazil and the UK highlight the danger of new plans to allow mining and dams in protected areas and indigenous lands.
Congressional debates to approve or reject proposed legislation will decide if Brazil will retain its hard-won status as what The Economist calls “the world leader in reducing environmental degradation.”
The new government is at a crossroads: either maintain the integrity and long-term future of its globally significant ecosystems or favour industrial interests by allowing 10 percent of even strictly
protected areas to be mined. While the proposals include mitigation measures (protecting land elsewhere) these are
unrealistic and also inadequate because they fail to account for the indirect
impacts of mines. Developing mines and hydropower dams in protected areas would represent a reversal for Brazilian law-makers and a body blow to environmental agencies, credited with drastically reducing Amazonian deforestation over the past decade.
Double the trouble
Mega-projects have mega-impacts and in the Amazon, mining and damming go hand in hand. Mining is energy-intensive and is one of the underlying reasons for Brazil developing dozens of large
hydropower plants in Amazonia.
Hydroelectric dams can harm both
society and the environment. For example, the severe flooding in Rondônia state this year led to economic paralysis and the spread of water-borne diseases in towns and countryside along the River Madeira. The flooding of the Madeira in both Brazil and upriver in Bolivia was
suspected to have been caused by the recently completed Jirau Hydropower Dam. Under current plans, very few protected areas will remain free from the influence of hydroelectric dams.
Mining projects such as the enormous Carajás iron ore mine in eastern
Amazonia, powered by construction of the controversial Tucuruí Dam in the 1970s, are only the tip of the iceberg.
Mineral extraction in Brazil is poised to expand into what were previously
considered no-go areas for industrial
development.
Research has found that in the Amazon alone, 34,117 km of strictly protected areas and 2,81,443 million km of indigenous lands are in areas of registered mining interest. Forget football fields, this is an area larger than the whole of the UK.
The direct impacts of mines and dams are eclipsed by the indirect effects, as thousands of workers follow mega-development projects into protected areas. Rapid population growth in service towns causes urban areas, roads and farmland to expand into surrounding forests.
Surplus to requirements?
By 2000, Brazil had created the world’s largest protected area network, covering an enormous 2.2 million km (an area the size of Greenland). These parks have been highly effective. For example, by reducing deforestation rates to only 10-15 percent of those in surrounding areas, Brazil’s
protected areas contribute to mitigating future climate change.
The beneficiaries of climate mitigation range from farmers in the south of Brazil who depend on Amazonia for their rainfall, to the poorest people in developing countries who stand to bear the brunt of global warming, sea-level rise and
extreme climatic events.
Brazil’s protected areas go far beyond just saving the forests themselves and
support traditional peoples, including rubber-tappers and Brazil-nut harvesters. In addition, indigenous lands provide a safe space to maintain the traditions and cultures of the country’s 305 indigenous ethnic groups, including 69 uncontacted groups.
Searching for solutions
Get-rich-quick mining is not a new threat to Brazil’s unique ecosystems. People have witnessed the decade-long struggle of a strictly protected area, the Jari
Ecological Station in Pará, to remove
illegal gold-mining from within its
borders. However, it is harrowing to now see 71 percent of the park (an area larger than Greater London) being under
official consideration for mining operations. Even if “only” 10 percent of the park is used for mining, indirect effects will change it for ever.
Relevant federal departments need adequate resources to ensure government decisions are made democratically and with reliable impact assessments. Chronic under-staffing in Brazil’s
protected areas means that many lack basic information on baseline environmental conditions and diversity of plants and animals.
Buffer areas designed to protect parks from external threats are put at risk, and a lack of staffing and data puts ICMBio (the agency responsible for protecting parks) in a weak position from which to assess the potential impacts of dams or mining on the integrity of a park.
Brazil’s population is growing and
increasingly wealthy, which means
higher demands for energy and food.
Some difficult decisions will have to be made. However, environmental impact assessments and mitigation measures (in some cases impossible to achieve and in most cases not implemented anyway)
surrounding proposed mega-projects have fallen short of international best practice and largely ignore indirect
impacts.
All we can do right now is to hope that Brazil reasserts its status as a leader of green development and does not
legislate against her national treasures.
TWN