Trade calculations being overturned by tariff volatility: EAM S Jaishankar

New Delhi: Trade calculations are being overturned by "tariff volatility" globally, External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar said on Monday against the backdrop of economic disruptions triggered by Washington's policy on trade tariffs.

In an address at an event, Jaishankar delved into the "strategic consequences" of profound changes being witnessed in the geopolitical landscape, including the shifting of one-third of global manufacturing to a single geography, in an apparent reference to China.

"Consider the global landscape now and let us reflect on the intensity of the transformation and their implications. A third of global manufacturing has moved to a single geography, with attendant consequences for supply chains," he said.

"There is rising anti-globalisation sentiment in many societies. Trade calculations are being overturned by tariff volatility," he said, in an oblique reference to Washington's policy on tariffs.

Jaishankar was speaking at the first Aravali Summit hosted by Jawaharlal Nehru University's School of International Studies.

The External Affairs inister's remarks on tariff volatility come amid a downturn in ties between New Delhi and Washington after US President Donald Trump doubled tariffs on Indian goods to a whopping 50 per cent, including a 25 per cent additional duty for India's purchase of Russian crude oil.

"The global energy scenario has changed profoundly with the US becoming a major fossil fuel exporter and China a key renewable one. There are competing models on the harnessing of data and evolution of Artificial Intelligence which jostle with each other," he said.

Big Tech has become a significant player in itself. New routes of connectivity are emerging, some of them with a strategic purpose. The mobility debate seeks to reconcile skills, demand and social reactions to them, he added.

The external affairs minister also listed the application of sanctions, the "seizure" of assets and the advent of crypto as elements changing the face of global finance.

"Competition for rare earths and critical minerals has become visceral, even as technology controls have further tightened," he said.

"The quality of weaponry and the nature of war itself has been transformed, making it more stand-off, more impactful and definitely more risk-prone," he added.

Jaishankar also flagged concerns over "erosion in sovereignty" facilitated by what he called "tech penetration and manipulation".

"Global rules and regimes are being revisited and at times, even discarded. Cost is no longer the defining criteria for economic transactions; ownership and security are equally so," he said.

"End-to-end" risks are rising, beginning with the concentration of production, moving through limited supply chains and then to dependence on key markets. "A belief in balance of power is being replaced with actions based on margins of power.

"Cumulatively, the world is witnessing more competition and less compacts. The needle has shifted towards an intersection of interests and away from the promise of cooperation," he observed.

"It is driven by the weaponisation of everything, with less inhibition to use available tools. Now all nations face these predicaments," he said.

Jaishankar said while the majority of the countries are struggling to cope or are busy defending their interests, India has to strategise and continue rising amidst such volatility.

"The challenge for analysts and practitioners alike is to accurately read this complex and evolving landscape. Only then can we figure out how best India can calculate and respond," he said.

"This is by no means a defensive stance. We have to safeguard our interests and yet, continuously advance up the global hierarchy. We have to de-risk our exposures and engagements and yet, take risks when necessary," he added.