Poorer Indian women lost more jobs, ate lesser than men during the Covid-19 pandemic: Study

The study underscores how women’s nutrition, health and employment is the first to suffer when household expenses need to be squeezed

By Malavika Kaur Makol

Women in India’s low-income households lost jobs more often compared to men, cut back on their food intake as well as rest and provided more unpaid care work, according to a study by consulting firm Dalberg.

They are also taking longer to re-enter the workforce after the first wave of the Covid-19 pandemic last year, the study found.

The report, which covered the March-October period last year, found about a tenth of the women surveyed saying they ate less or had run out of food while 16 per cent had limited or no access to menstrual pads while more than 33 per cent of the married women couldn’t access contraceptives as the pandemic disrupted public health outreach programs.

India pandemic worsens one of the world’s worst gender gaps

India saw a devastating second wave in the past few months resulting in the region battling the world’s fastest-surging Covid outbreak that overwhelmed its hospitals and crematoriums. While the study captures how the pandemic upended lives in India before the worst hit, it underscores how women’s nutrition, health and employment is the first to suffer when household expenses need to be squeezed and probably the last to recover.

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“What we’re hearing from grassroots organisations is that the second wave has compounded the effects that we were seeing in the first wave in multiple ways,” said Swetha Totapally, partner, Dalberg Advisors and the author of the report.

Child Marriages

The society will pay a heavy price if the pandemic pushes more women out of the workforce, families deeper into debt and poverty and more girls drop out of school triggering possibly more child marriages, according to Totapally.

Here are some of the other findings of the study, which surveyed about 15,000 women and 2,300 men from low-income households in 10 Indian states:

• Women made up just 24 per cent of those working before the pandemic but accounted for 28 per cent of all those who lost jobs, and 43 per cent of those yet to recover their paid work
• About 47 per cent of women, compared to 43 per cent of men, reported an increase in chores and 41 per cent of women versus 37 per cent of men saw an increase in unpaid care work
• 27 per cent women said they got to rest less in the pandemic compared to 18 per cent men
• Muslim as well as migrant women, and single, separated or divorced women were among the hardest hit.

The report suggested “enlistment drives” in government’s flagship rural job guarantee program targeted specifically at women and increase “total person-days offered” under it. Bundling menstrual pads with government’s free food distribution program will boost access and usage, it said as part of policy prescriptions.

One of the well-documented fallouts of a higher unpaid work burden is reduced participation in the formal work force and that’ll not be an easy trend to reverse. “We believe that this increase in women’s household burden will make it difficult for them to re-enter the workforce, leading to economic consequences that may outlast the pandemic,” the report said.