Morocco dinosaur was studded with spikes: Researchers on extensive fossilised remains discovered in Atlas Mountains

Around 165 million years ago on a coastal floodplain in what is now Morocco lived one of the most extreme dinosaurs on record, lavishly adorned with armor and spikes - some about three feet (one meter) long - unlike that of any other known creature.

Researchers on Wednesday described extensive fossilized remains discovered in the Atlas Mountains near the Moroccan town of Boulemane of a Jurassic Period dinosaur named Spicomellus. Roughly 13 feet (four meters) long and weighing perhaps one to two tons, Spicomellus is the oldest-known member of a group of tank-like armored dinosaurs called ankylosaurs, squat and slow-moving plant-eaters that walked on four legs.

"The armor of Spicomellus is jaw-droppingly weird, unlike that of any other dinosaur - or any other animal alive or dead - that we've ever discovered," said vertebrate paleontologist Richard Butler of the University of Birmingham in England, co-leader of the research published in the journal Nature.

"Not only did it have a series of sharp, long spikes on each of its ribs - unknown elsewhere among animals - but it had spines the length of golf clubs sticking out in a collar around its neck," Butler added.

The extravagant armor may have served dual roles - as defense against large meat-eating dinosaurs and as display to attract mates.

"The armor surely had some defensive function, but it's difficult to imagine how the meter-long spikes around the neck were used for defense. They seem like enormous overkill," Butler said.

In living animals, structures that tend to have no obvious function and look like they might be a bit annoying to carry about - like a deer's antlers or a peacock's tail - are usually associated with sex, according to vertebrate paleontologist and study lead author Susannah Maidment of the Natural History Museum in London.

"They could be used in courtship or territorial displays, or to fight against members of the same species during competitions for mates. Spicomellus' armor is totally impractical, and would have been a bit annoying in dense vegetation, for example. So we think that it is possible the animal evolved such elaborate armor for some sort of display, perhaps to do with mating," Maidment added.

While the fossils did not represent a complete skeleton - the head was among the missing parts - the partial remains provided a good understanding of Spicomellus. This dinosaur previously was known only from a single rib fragment described in 2021 before these fossils were found in 2022 and 2023.

Its back was covered in short spikes, owing to ribs with spikes on their top surfaces. It had a bony collar with plates and two pairs of spikes projecting outward above the neck, including one 2.85 feet (87 cm) long that probably was even lengthier when the animal was alive. It also had a pelvic shield and two large outward-projecting spikes above its hips.

Distinctive fused tail vertebrae suggested that Spicomellus possessed a weapon at the end of its tail to fight off predators - perhaps a club or spikes of some sort - though one was not recovered among the remains.

Such fused tail vertebrae previously have been found only in ankylosaurs with tail weapons. This would indicate that tail weapons appeared in ankylosaurs about 30 million years earlier than previously known.

Ankylosaurs were among the most successful herbivorous dinosaurs. They are closely related to another group of plant-eaters called stegosaurs that boasted bony plates on the back and a spiky tail weapon.

Both groups arose during the Jurassic. But the ankylosaurs outlasted the stegosaurs, thriving until an asteroid struck Earth 66 million years ago at the end of the Cretaceous Period, ending the age of dinosaurs. The best-known member of the group, Ankylosaurus, was larger than Spicomellus, at roughly 26 feet (8 meters) long, and inhabited western North America during the twilight of the dinosaurs. Its armor, including a formidable tail club, protected against predators including Tyrannosaurus.

Early members of dinosaur groups often have fairly plain body plans compared to later counterparts. Spicomellus shows that was not the case with ankylosaurs.

"The armor of Spicomellus is much more elaborate than that of later ankylosaurs, and no later ankylosaurs have spiky ribs. What is surprising to us is that the most elaborate ankylosaur armor of all time is present in the oldest member of the group. Perhaps the simpler armor in later species reflects a shift towards the armor having a primarily defensive function due to increased predation pressure in the Cretaceous," when predators grew exceptionally large, Butler said.