<div align="justify">Printing solar cells may soon be as easy and inexpensive as printing a newspaper, thanks to researchers who have cleared a critical manufacturing hurdle in the development of a new class of solar devices.<br /><br />This alternative solar technology could lead to low-cost, printable solar panels capable of turning nearly any surface into a power generator, researchers said.<br /><br />"Economies of scale have greatly reduced the cost of silicon manufacturing. Perovskite solar cells can enable us to use techniques already established in the printing industry to produce solar cells at very low cost," said Ted Sargent from University of Toronto in Canada. "Potentially, perovskites and silicon cells can be married to improve efficiency further, but only with advances in low-temperature processes," said Sargent.<br /><br />Today, virtually all commercial solar cells are made from thin slices of crystalline silicon which must be processed to a very high purity. It is an energy-intensive process, requiring temperatures higher than 1,000 degrees Celsius and large amounts of hazardous solvents.<br /><br />In contrast, perovskite solar cells depend on a layer of tiny crystals - each about 1,000 times smaller than the width of a human hair - made of low-cost, light-sensitive materials.<br /><br />Since the perovskite raw materials can be mixed into a liquid to form a kind of 'solar ink', they could be printed onto glass, plastic or other materials using a simple inkjet printing process.<br /><br />However, until now, there has been a catch - in order to generate electricity, electrons excited by solar energy must be extracted from the crystals so they can flow through a circuit. That extraction happens in a special layer called the electron selective layer (ESL).<br /><br />The difficulty of manufacturing a good ESL has been one of the key challenges holding back the development of perovskite solar cell devices. "The most effective materials for making ESLs start as a powder and have to be baked at high temperatures, above 500 degrees Celsius," said Tan.<br /><br />"You can not put that on top of a sheet of flexible plastic or on a fully fabricated silicon cell - it will just melt," Tan added. Tan and his colleagues developed a new chemical reaction than enables them to grow an ESL made of nanoparticles in solution, directly on top of the electrode.<br /><br />While heat is still required, the process always stays below 150 degrees Celsius, much lower than the melting point of many plastics. The new nanoparticles are coated with a layer of chlorine atoms, which helps them bind to the perovskite layer on top - this strong binding allows for efficient extraction of electrons. Researchers reported the efficiency of solar cells made using the new method at 20.1 per cent.<br /><br />The study was published in the journal Science.<br /></div>
<div align="justify">Printing solar cells may soon be as easy and inexpensive as printing a newspaper, thanks to researchers who have cleared a critical manufacturing hurdle in the development of a new class of solar devices.<br /><br />This alternative solar technology could lead to low-cost, printable solar panels capable of turning nearly any surface into a power generator, researchers said.<br /><br />"Economies of scale have greatly reduced the cost of silicon manufacturing. Perovskite solar cells can enable us to use techniques already established in the printing industry to produce solar cells at very low cost," said Ted Sargent from University of Toronto in Canada. "Potentially, perovskites and silicon cells can be married to improve efficiency further, but only with advances in low-temperature processes," said Sargent.<br /><br />Today, virtually all commercial solar cells are made from thin slices of crystalline silicon which must be processed to a very high purity. It is an energy-intensive process, requiring temperatures higher than 1,000 degrees Celsius and large amounts of hazardous solvents.<br /><br />In contrast, perovskite solar cells depend on a layer of tiny crystals - each about 1,000 times smaller than the width of a human hair - made of low-cost, light-sensitive materials.<br /><br />Since the perovskite raw materials can be mixed into a liquid to form a kind of 'solar ink', they could be printed onto glass, plastic or other materials using a simple inkjet printing process.<br /><br />However, until now, there has been a catch - in order to generate electricity, electrons excited by solar energy must be extracted from the crystals so they can flow through a circuit. That extraction happens in a special layer called the electron selective layer (ESL).<br /><br />The difficulty of manufacturing a good ESL has been one of the key challenges holding back the development of perovskite solar cell devices. "The most effective materials for making ESLs start as a powder and have to be baked at high temperatures, above 500 degrees Celsius," said Tan.<br /><br />"You can not put that on top of a sheet of flexible plastic or on a fully fabricated silicon cell - it will just melt," Tan added. Tan and his colleagues developed a new chemical reaction than enables them to grow an ESL made of nanoparticles in solution, directly on top of the electrode.<br /><br />While heat is still required, the process always stays below 150 degrees Celsius, much lower than the melting point of many plastics. The new nanoparticles are coated with a layer of chlorine atoms, which helps them bind to the perovskite layer on top - this strong binding allows for efficient extraction of electrons. Researchers reported the efficiency of solar cells made using the new method at 20.1 per cent.<br /><br />The study was published in the journal Science.<br /></div>