US Federal Reserve likely to raise interest rates by March, plans for 'significantly reducing' balance sheet

The combined moves will complete the US central bank's pivot away from the loose monetary policy that has defined the pandemic era

The Federal Reserve on Wednesday signalled it is likely to raise US interest rates in March and reaffirmed plans to end its bond purchases that month as well before launching what was characterized as a significant reduction in its asset holdings.

The combined moves will complete the Fed's pivot away from the loose monetary policy that has defined the coronavirus pandemic era and toward a more urgent fight against inflation.

Fed Chair Jerome Powell, speaking in a news conference after the end of a two-day policy meeting, said the US central bank will be open-minded as it adjusts monetary policy to keep persistently high inflation from becoming entrenched.

"At this time, we haven't made any decisions about the path of policy," Powell said. "I stress again that we'll be humble and nimble."

Also Read | Wall Street gains evaporate on Fed's interest rate announcements

The Fed chief said policymakers have "quite a bit of room to raise interest rates without threatening the labour market" as they remove the extraordinary support provided during the pandemic. "The economy is quite different this time," Powell said.

"With inflation well above 2 per cent and a strong labour market, the Committee expects it will soon be appropriate to raise the target range for the federal funds rate," the Fed's rate-setting Federal Open Market Committee said in a unanimous statement after the end of its two-day meeting.

Investors widely expect the Fed to raise its benchmark overnight interest rate from the current near-zero level at the March 15-16 meeting. Federal funds futures have priced in another three rate hikes in 2022 after the March liftoff.

FOMC members also agreed at this week's meeting on a set of principles for "significantly reducing" the size of the Fed's massive asset holdings. Officials said they will shrink holdings "primarily" by limiting how much of the principal from maturing bonds it would reinvest each month. That plan would start after the liftoff in interest rates, the Fed said, without yet setting a specific date, pace or final size.

Over time the Fed's nearly $9 trillion balance sheet would not only be pared down, but shifted away from mortgage-backed securities and weighted towards US Treasuries, "thereby minimizing the effect of Federal Reserve holdings on the allocation of credit across sectors of the economy," the central bank said.

Powell said policymakers will be ready to change their approach as needed when the Fed begins to shrink its bond holdings.

US stocks, pummeled to start the year on worries about how fast the Fed might move to contain inflation, added to early-session gains following the release of the statement before selling off sharply during Powell's news conference. The S&P 500 index and the Nasdaq Composite were in negative territory in late afternoon trading.

Yields on longer-dated Treasury securities edged higher and the dollar held on to its gains against a basket of key trading partners' currencies.

Supply-chain improvements

The Fed's statement, in moving ahead with a plan to tighten monetary policy, cited "solid" recent job gains that continued even as the outbreak of the Omicron variant of the coronavirus pushed daily case numbers to record levels. While the Fed has stopped trying to assess when inflation might ease, the statement said officials continue to expect improvements in global supply chains will ease the pace of price increases.

Other risks have arisen in the weeks since the Fed's Dec. 14-15 policy meeting, with Western nations fearing a possible Russian invasion of Ukraine and investors selling off stocks.

That was not mentioned in the policy statement nor did it detract from the Fed's decision to push against inflation that has hit multi-decade highs.

"Supply and demand imbalances related to the pandemic and the reopening of the economy have continued to contribute to elevated levels of inflation," the Fed said, with consumer prices increasing at a 7 per cent annual rate, the highest level since the 1980s.

Policymakers did not release new economic and interest rate projections on Wednesday.

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