Climate change causing more frequent and deadly lightning strikes: Scientists

New Delhi: Increased heating due to climate change is leading to more thunderstorm activity and consequently, more lightning strikes worldwide, senior scientists said on Saturday.

At least 43 people were killed due to lightning strikes in Uttar Pradesh on Thursday and 21 in Bihar on Friday.

Most of the people killed were either transplanting paddy in fields, grazing cattle or taking shelter under trees to protect themselves from the rain.

Former Secretary in the Union Ministry of Earth Sciences, Madhavan Nair Rajeevan, said climate change is increasing the formation of convective or thunderstorm clouds.

"People have documented that the frequency of thunderstorms is increasing everywhere, including India, due to climate change," he told PTI.

"Unfortunately, we do not have long-term data for lightning flashes to confirm an increase in incidents. However, we can conclude that global warming leads to more convective activity, resulting in more thunderstorms and, consequently, more lightning strikes," he said.

Rajeevan explained that lightning is attributed to deeper clouds with large vertical extensions.

"With climate change increasing the moisture-holding capacity of the air, more such clouds are forming," he added.

According to the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, lightning incidents in India increased by 30 to 40 per cent between 1995 and 2014.

National Crime Records Bureau's (NCRB) Crimes in India Report 2022 said lightning accounted for 2,887 of the 8,060 deaths caused by forces of nature.

Data from the India Meteorological Department shows six per cent of the districts and four per cent of the population are moderately to highly vulnerable to lightning strikes. Odisha ranks as the most vulnerable state.

D S Pai, a senior scientist at the IMD, said the higher the surface temperature, the lighter the air and the higher it will rise.

"So, with higher temperatures, there is a greater chance of convective activity or thunderstorms, which naturally leads to more lightning strikes. Climate change is making such events more frequent," he told PTI.

The senior meteorologist pointed out that the large number of lightning strikes in Bihar and Uttar Pradesh that claimed several lives last week were also due to large-scale thunderstorm activity.

According to the Annual Lightning Report 2023-2024 by the Climate Resilient Observing Systems Promotion Council (CROPC) and the IMD, the highest cloud-to-ground (CG) lightning strikes occur in eastern and central India, and hence these regions face the maximum damage.

The report released in June also identifies lightning hotspots along the Kaimur and Satpura ranges between the Ganga and Son rivers in Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, and Uttar Pradesh.

Some states, such as Bihar, have been demanding that lightning be officially recognised as a natural disaster, which would make victims or their families eligible for compensation from the State Disaster Response Fund (SDRF).

Former IMD chief K J Ramesh explained that the vertical extent of clouds increases with more heating.

"Crystallisation occurs when the air temperature reaches the freezing point at the height of five to six kilometres. The deeper the cloud, the more ice crystals and charge it contains," he said.

Ramesh said an increase of one degree Celsius in temperature results in a seven per cent increase in the moisture-holding capacity of the air and a 12 per cent increase in lightning strikes.

The senior meteorologist noted that while adequate warnings are being issued through the Damini mobile application, social media, and public platforms, including radio and television, a lot of work remains to be done in creating awareness among people.

During the day, when people are out in the open engaging in outdoor activities, they can clearly see the dark clouds approaching.

They have enough time to seek safe shelter, such as a sturdy home, a solid building, or a hard-top vehicle with the windows rolled up, he said.