LHC prepares for data pile-up

The hunt for the elusive Higgs boson is still on! Geoff Brumfiel reports on the progress scientists have made on this quest and the challenges they face this year.

The world’s largest particle accelerator is roaring along at an unprecedented pace, delivering torrents of data to its physicist handlers. But the hundreds of millions of collisions happening inside the machine every second are now growing into a thick fog that, paradoxically, threatens to obscure a fabled quarry: the Higgs boson.

The problem is known as pile-up, and it promises to be one of the greatest challenges this year for scientists working on the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN, Europe’s main high-energy physics laboratory near Geneva, Switzerland. Huge amounts of computing power, cunning software and technical tricks are helping scientists to stay ahead of the problem. But researchers may still need to scale back the collisions to find the long-sought Higgs, the manifestation of a field that is believed to confer mass on other particles.

Fleeting appearance

If it exists, the Higgs will appear fleetingly inside the machine before decaying into lighter particles. Last year, the two biggest detectors at the LHC saw hints of a Higgs with a mass of about 125 gigaelectronvolts (energy and mass are interchangeable in particle physics). This year, researchers want to collect more data to see whether that signal grows into a certainty, or withers back to nothing. Since it began its latest science run last month, the LHC has been squeezing trillions of protons into ever-smaller bunches, and smashing those bunches together tens of millions of times per second.

To gather these data, researchers are pushing the collider in two ways: by accelerating the particles to ever-greater energies and by increasing the number of collisions. Higher energies allow heavier particles to pop into being, but it is the number of collisions that will determine whether physicists have enough data to declare a discovery. In the weeks ahead, scientists will pack more protons inside the machine and focus the particles as tightly as possible onto the collision points at the center of the LHC’s two biggest detectors.

Already, “we’ve done humongously better than we thought we could,” says Mike Lamont, the head of accelerator operations at CERN. Every time two tightly packed bunches of protons cross, they generate not one collision, but on average 27, Lamont says. But within a few weeks, that number is expected to rise into the mid-30s, peaking at around 40 collisions per crossing. The two main detectors at the LHC were designed to handle only around two dozen collisions at once. But they have managed to cope so far.

Reconstructing collisions

Each detector is made up of layers of smaller detectors that record the tracks of debris coming from their centre. When a collision occurs, computers above the machine decide whether the data are interesting and, if so, reconstruct the collision from the tracks. But when dozens of collisions occur at once, the computers must disentangle them. Last year, researchers working with the ATLAS detector formed a task force to tackle the pile-up problem, rewriting computer code so that the detector could cope with the extra collisions.

Team member Andreas Salzburger says that the group has been working hard to weed out the ‘ghost’ particles that appear when the paths of several particles align, creating the illusion of a particle that is not actually there. Eliminating these ghosts as early as possible reduces the amount of computing power needed to crunch useful data, he says.

At the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS), ATLAS’s rival detector, physicists have trained their algorithms to triage data on the fly, analysing particle tracks in order of complexity.

Pick up the sticks

“Did you ever play the game ‘pick-up sticks?” asks Joe Incandela, the spokesman for the CMS. “You pick up the easiest ones first, and it makes it simpler to deal with the other ones.”

The team is also working on ways to get rid of signals from ‘loopers’, low-energy particles that spiral along the detector’s magnetic field lines, generating data that are irrelevant to the Higgs hunt. Such tricks are likely to be less effective as the number of collisions rise.

At the outer edges of the machine, the detector segments are larger and have coarser resolution, so it might not be possible to disentangle some of the tracks. That could reduce a detector’s ability to pick up one signature of the Higgs: a decay to a pair of W bosons, which causes a cascade of particles that need to be caught by these outer segments.For now, the mountains of extra data should offset what is lost to pile-up.

Researchers expect to miss no more than 15 per cent of events from the most likely Higgs decay pathway, which produces two Ã>-rays. And if ATLAS and the CMS can’t handle the extra particles surging through the machine, Lamont says, the accelerator physicists are ready to dial it back. But “if they can take it, we will give it to them,” he says.