G20 focuses on gender-sensitive policies to stem corruption

The gendered dimension of corruption was one of the important focal areas for the G20 Anti-Corruption Working Group meeting held last week in Rishikesh. Women experience corruption differently from men because they are more economically and socially vulnerable. Gendered power differentials, fueled by historic patterns of discrimination, can embolden discriminatory behaviour that targets women for coercive corruption and other forms of exploitation. In addition, as a result of societal norms, women are frequently more exposed to higher corruption risks in areas of activity determined by stereotypical gender social roles and specific needs. Where women are the primary caretakers of the family, they can be regularly confronted with corruption when accessing public services such as health, education, water, and sanitation.

There is a general consensus that corruption has long-term consequences for women’s education outcomes and that it impacts their psychological and physical health as well as gender equity, ultimately affecting long-term social and economic progress.

Looking at the differentiated impact of corruption also calls for examining women’s inclusion into the labour market and decision-making processes, as increased diversity and inclusion will result in curbing corruption.

Also Read | Kashmir tourism stakeholders upbeat about future of industry after G20 event

The latest ILO statistics reveal that the gender gap in labour force participation stands at 29.2 percentage points among people aged 25 to 54, with female participation at 61.4% and male participation at 90.6%. Putting in place appropriate legislation and institutional arrangements, including those pertaining to corruption, can further women’s participation in the formal economy. Several studies have incontrovertibly established how information asymmetries result in women’s limited access to credit, thereby curbing their opportunities for business investment and job creation. While the digitalization of financial services can be a solution, a wide digital gender divide prevails worldwide. As per the latest estimates of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), only 57% of women have access to the internet, as against 62% of men. This puts women at a serious disadvantage when it comes to utilising the myriad opportunities that are available through e-commerce and digital economies.

The world has been addressing this important issue in various international forums. As highlighted in UNODC’s report, ‘The Time is Now,’ published in December 2020, gender equality interventions positively impact the fight against corruption and vice versa. This symbiotic relationship throws open great possibilities for gender-aware and evidence-based policy-making at a global level. Through the Political Declaration of the 2021 Special Session of the UN General Assembly, members committed to improving their understanding of the gender-corruption link, including the ways in which corruption can affect women and men differently, and to continue promoting gender equality by mainstreaming it in relevant legislation, policy development, research, projects, and programmes.

The G20 Anti-Corruption Working Group (ACWG) has been at the forefront of addressing emerging issues related to corruption. Through the 2019 G20 Leaders’ Declaration, G20 countries welcomed the work on the linkages between corruption and gender being undertaken by relevant international organisations. The G20 ACWG Action Plans 2019–21 and 2022–24 include the commitment of the member countries to continue to deepen their understanding of the linkages between gender and corruption and discuss possible actions by understanding how the gender dimension could be included in anti-corruption programming and policies.

A host of initiatives have been taken by India towards increasing transparency and accountability in governance, which have had a multiplier effect on women’s empowerment and reduced their vulnerability to corruption. Direct Benefit Transfer schemes like the National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP), Prime Minister’s Matru Vandana Yojana (PMMVY), National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM), and National Health Mission (NHM) have significantly increased women’s disposable income and their financial decision-making capabilities.

The JAM trinity integrates Jan Dhan bank accounts, direct biometric identification under Aadhaar, and mobile phones to enable direct transfers of funds. The Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY) has closed the gender gap in bank account ownership: 55.6% of Jan Dhan accounts are held by women. Combined with Aadhar-based authentication and mobile fintech services, the JAM Trinity has a crucial role to play in women’s economic empowerment. Through the Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana (PMMY), women entrepreneurs have received tremendous support. By 2030, an estimated 30 million women-owned MSMEs are expected to flourish in India, providing employment to 150 million people. The ‘Womaniya’ initiative of the Government e Marketplace (GeM) gives women entrepreneurs access to markets, finance, and value-addition by linking last-mile women producers and service providers with local government buyers. As of January 15, 2023, more than 1.44 lakh women micro and small enterprises (MSEs) were registered as sellers and service providers on the GeM portal and had fulfilled more than 14.76 lakh orders worth Rs 21,265 crore in gross merchandise value (GMV).

The G20 Anti-Corruption Working Group meeting in Rishikesh drew from the global and Indian experiences of gender-sensitive governance and anti-corruption best practices with a gender dimension, to set the narrative for future initiatives by G20 member countries.

(The writer is secretary, Department of Personnel & Training, Government of India.)