Poll and pandemic cloud

In the Union Budget of 2021, Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman had announced that the new labour laws would come into effect from April 1, 2021. These are the four labour codes that are to replace 29 existing labour laws, considerably improving the status of the labour market in the country. It constitutes a major economic reform by the Modi government. The four codes as individual bills have already been passed by Parliament and go into effect once the rules are framed by the Labour Ministry, and by state governments, since labour is a concurrent subject.

But the rules have not yet been notified by the Union government. One reason could be the upcoming elections to the five state Assemblies. Labour reforms can be tough even at the best of times, but why risk political capital at a time of close electoral contests? One impact of the new codes is that take-home pay of employees might decrease since high contributions to pensions are mandated. The employers’ share also might have to go up. Another is that firms with less than 300 employees do not need government permission to layoff staff. Yet another feature is a new category of fixed-term employment, which relieves the burden from employers to make workers “permanent”. Since each such reform creates a constituency that will be adversely affected, leading to noise from these quarters, status quo is being maintained at least till the elections are over.

The repeal of the three farm laws, too, was necessitated with an eye on the elections. The farm unrest over the three reform laws was most manifest from Punjab and Uttar Pradesh, where elections are due to be held. So, poll prospects surely affected the final decision to repeal.

The free ration scheme introduced in March 2020 as part of pandemic relief has now been extended all the way till the end of March 2022. This is the Pradhan Mantri Gram Kalyan Anna Yojana (PMGKAY), which covers nearly 800 million people under the National Food Security Act. The free rations of five kilo food grain per family per month was necessitated and introduced during the first wave of the pandemic itself. It has been extended twice already. Recently the government of Uttar Pradesh unilaterally announced doubling of the free ration, and extension till the end of March 2022. The Union government then followed suit and it covers the whole country.

The fifth extension for four months beyond November 2021, too, appears to be driven with the electoral impact in mind. The incremental cost of the extension of free rations is about Rs 53,000 crore to the central exchequer, with an additional outgo of 16.3 million tonnes of food grain. In the two years since March 2020, the PMGKAY would have cost Rs 2.6 lakh crore and distributed 60 million tonnes of grain. It is by far the largest free food grain distribution scheme in the world. With GDP growth expected to be nearly 10% this fiscal, continuation of the free food scheme is a validation of its necessity from the welfarism point of view, and also for electoral prospects.

So, we can see, whether it is the delay in notifying the rules of the new labour laws, or the repeal of farm laws, or the generous extension of PMGKAY, the political and electoral angles loom large. Even the progress on the asset monetisation initiative announced in the last budget has been slow due to political resistance. Bank unions are increasing their pitch in opposition to privatisation.

Two more factors are now in play. One is the third wave, the so-called Omicron phase, of the Covid pandemic. Much more infectious and with a faster spread, albeit less potent and with lower fatalities so far, it has affected the economy. The slowdown is palpable in the macroeconomic statistics like index of industrial production, sales of two-wheeler vehicles, consumer spending in retail, urban unemployment, and so on. Hopefully this is a temporary setback, and the Omicron spike is soon expected to fade.

Exports are doing extremely well, thanks to a booming world economy. If India can grab and hold onto this export momentum, it could become a significant driver of growth well into the next year. Another worrying sign is the wholesale price index (WPI)-based inflation at about 14%. It is reflecting high inflation in input commodities used by producers. The consumer price inflation is still modest at around 5%, but there is a risk that WPI might spill into CPI inflation.

The second factor now in play are pre-poll surveys showing the narrowing gap between incumbent governments and challengers. The Uttar Pradesh Assembly is a very big prize, but elections in Punjab, Goa, Uttarakhand and Manipur are important, too.

With a combination of pandemic-related anxiety and uncertain poll prospects, these two will have a large influence on the Union Budget proposals to be unveiled on February 1. The country’s economic size, even after a 10% growth this year, will be barely above its 2019 level. Unemployment and underemployment numbers are large and worrying. Schools have been shut for nearly two years, and hardest hit have been the children of the urban poor, the informal sector, and the rural schools with poor connectivity.

Tax collections on GST have been quite good, reflecting good profitability of the corporate sector. The relatively higher inflation and high imports have also helped GST collection. But non-tax revenues, especially the disinvestment target of last year, will be badly missed. The budget for fiscal year 2022-23 will still need a lot of fiscal support to get the economic engine revved up, and a heavy dose of social welfare spending for the unemployed, for the health sector, and for education. There will, of course, be an eye on the upcoming state elections.

It is most likely that we will have a growth-oriented, expansionary budget with a high fiscal deficit of 6% of GDP. No new taxes on the middle class are expected, but some extra burden on the super-rich cannot be ruled out. India’s struggle with a low tax-to-GDP ratio will continue.

(The writer is an economist and
Senior Fellow, Takshashila Institution) (Syndicate: The Billion Press)