JOIN USUS researchers on Monday reported encouraging success with a new type of immune cell therapy that wiped out leukaemia in a young girl by using her modified T cells to fight the cancer.
The case study of Emily "Emma" Whitehead, age 7, offers hope for a new path against a stubborn form of leukaemia, known as acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), maybe even replacing the need for chemotherapy and bone marrow transplants someday.
But the research in the New England Journal of Medicine also describes an attempt at T cell reprogramming in another child who did not survive, pointing to the need for more research to improve on the therapies being tested.
ALL is the most common form of childhood cancer, and is often curable. However, the two children in this case study had a high-risk type that resists conventional treatments, so their parents enrolled them in the clinical trial.
"Emily remains healthy and cancer-free, 11 months after receiving bioengineered T cells that zeroed in on a target found in this type of leukaemia," the University of Pennsylvania said in a statement.
The second child in the two-person case study was a 10-year-old who also showed no evidence of cancer cells for two months after treatment but later suffered a fatal relapse when the cancer returned in the form of leukaemia cells that did not harbour the specific cell receptor targeted by the therapy.
"This study describes how these cells have a potent anticancer effect in children," said co-first author Stephan Grupp of The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, where both patients took part in the clinical trial.
"However, we also learned that in some patients with ALL, we will need to further modify the treatment to target other molecules on the surface of leukaemia cells."
The method works by taking some of the patient's own T-cells and re-engineering them to recognize and attack B cells, which have become cancerous and which express a surface protein called CD19.
Without reprogramming, T cells are unable to tackle cancer cells. But when the researchers modified them into CTL019 cells and returned them to the patients, they multiplied by the thousands. In Whitehead, they have persisted for months.
University of Pennsylvania scientists first developed this modified T cell therapy for use in adult patients with a different form of leukaemia known as chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL).
In 2011, a small trial on three adults showed early success with the method. Two of those adult patients are still in remission more than 2.5 years later.