JOIN USChimpanzees are more likely to reproduce with mates whose genetic makeup most differs from their own when taking the plunge into parenthood, a new study has found.
Many animals avoid breeding with parents, siblings and other close relatives, said Kara Walker, postdoctoral associate at Duke University in the US.
However, chimpanzees are unusual in that even among nonrelatives and virtual strangers they can tell genetically similar mates from more distant ones.
The researchers are not sure yet exactly how they discriminate, but it might be a best guess based on appearance, smell or sound, said Anne Pusey, professor at Duke.
They took DNA samples from the feces of roughly 150 adult chimpanzees in Gombe National Park, Tanzania, and analysed eight to 11 variable sites across the genome.
From these, they were able to estimate the genetic similarity between every possible male-female pair.
In chimpanzees, as in other animals, only some sexual encounters lead to offspring. When the researchers compared pairs that produced infants with those that did not, they found that females conceived with sires that were less similar to them than the average male.
Chimps are somehow able to distinguish degrees of genetic similarity among unfamiliar mates many steps removed from them in their family tree, the study shows.
In Gombe National Park, some females stay in the same group for life, but most move out as they reach adolescence, leaving their fathers and brothers behind to reproduce in a new group, researchers said.
These immigrant females, which have few or no male relatives in their community, showed even stronger preference for genetically dissimilar mates than the native females did.
Part of what is driving their mate choices, researchers said, is inbreeding depression, which is when offspring inherit the same harmful version of a gene from both parents and genetic vulnerabilities that are normally masked become active.
Conception between parents and offspring or between siblings is rare in chimpanzees, but studies suggest that when it occurs, the infants that result are less likely to survive to maturity than their outbred counterparts.
Unlike humans, chimpanzees can not take genetic tests to help them find their perfect match.
Now the researchers are trying to figure out how chimpanzees recognise and favour mates whose DNA is more different from theirs, even among unfamiliar partners.
The animals do more than simply avoid mates they grew up with and are therefore likely to be related to, the study shows.